Unit3: ILLUMINATION

Lecture 1

1.Terms used In Illumination:

1)Luminous Flux: defined as the total quantity of light energy emitted
per second from a luminous body
Symbol: F
unit : Lumens
2) Solid Angle: Plane angle is subtended at a point in a plane by two
converging straight lines and its magnitude is given by
= Arc/(Radius)2 radians
3) Luminous Intensity: Luminous flux emitted by the source per unit
solid
angle
Symbol: I
unit : candela

4) Illumination: defined as number of lumens, falling on the surface per

unit area.
Symbol: E
unit : lux
5) Depreciation Factor: defined as the ratio of initial meter-candle to the
ultimate maintained meter-candle on the working plane
6) coefficient of utilization: defined as the ratio of total lumens reaching
the working plane to total lumens given out by the lamp.
7) space-height ratio: defined as the ratio of horizontal distance between
adjacent lamps and height of their mountings.

2.Laws of Illumination:
2.1Inverse-square law states that a specified physical quantity or intensity is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source of that
physical quantity.

Lecture 2

2.2Lamberts Cosine Law states that at any point on a surface is

proportional to the cosine of the angle between the normal at that point and
the direction of luminous flux.

3.Design of street Lighting

Main Objectives:
To make the traffic and obstruction on the road clearly visible
Make the street more attractive
2 measure principles are involved in design of lighting:
1)Diffusion Principle:
Lamps are fitted with suitable reflectors
Reflectors are so designed that they may direct the light downwards
Spread the light as uniformly as possible
2) Specular reflection principle:
Reflectors are curved upwards(light falls on the road at a large
angle)

4.Design of Flood Lighting

Floodlighting means flooding of large surface
with light form powerful projectors
1.Asthetic Floodlighting: enhancing beauty of building at night
Ex: public places, religious building
2.Industrial & Commercial Floodlighting: To illuminate railway yards, sports
stadiums, car parks, construction sites
3.Advertising: Illuminating advertising boards and showcases

Lecture 3

5.Different sources of light:

5.1Gas filled Lamps:

5.2 Gaseous discharge lamps:

5.3 Sodium vapour discharge lamp:

5.4 Horizontal Sodium vapour lamp:

Lecture 4

5.5 High pressure mercury vapour lamp

Application of Mecury vapour lamp

5.6 Halogen Lamp

Lecture 5

5.7 Compact fluorescent lamp

5.7.1: Characteristics of CFL

5.8 Meal Halide Lamp

5.8.1 Application of Metal Halide

Lamp

Lecture 6

5.9:Neon Tubes

4.Different accessories for

track electrification

It is a semiconductor diode that emits light when an electric current is applied in the
forward direction of the device, from the anode to the cathode

5.11 Laser
It has a gain medium(mechanism to
supply energy)
The gain medium is a material with
properties that allow it to amplify light by
stimulated emission