ACTIVITY BASED

COSTING SYSTEM

PRESENTED BY
OMER ALI KHAN
PARACKEL BLESSON MATHEW PRIYA P
RACHEL B MALEGESI
RAJESH KUMAR

TRADITIONAL COSTING SYSTEM

It focused on product costing by tracing direct costs to the
product and indirect costs are allocated through cost
centres .
Traditionally , indirect costs have been allocated to the
end products in three steps:
1. From ledger accounts to production and service
departments.
2. From service departments to production departments
following reapportionment methods of allocation.
3. Finally allocating indirect costs of production
departments to the products.

Patio gill company used a job order product

costing system to find the cost of its three
products of grill the standard STD, deluxe
DEL and ultimate ULT.
STANDARD

DELUXE

ULTIMATE

PLANNED ANNUAL
PRODUCTION
VOLUME IN UNITS
PRODUCTION RUN
DIRECT MATERIAL
DIRECT LABOR
MACHINE HOURS
PER PRODUCT
TOTAL MACHINE
HOUR

10000
8000
2000
80 runs of 125 80 runs of 100 40 runs of 50
units
units
units
$100
$120
$180
$180(9hours $220(11hours $260(13hour
@20)
@20)
s@20)
10

12

17

100000

960000

340000

DIRECT MATERIAL
DIRECT LABOR
MANUFACTURING OVERHEAD
TOTAL

STANDARD DELUXE ULTIMATE

$100
$120
$180
$180
$220
$260
$216
$264
$312
$496
$604
$752

PREDETERMINED OVERHEAD RATE

BUDGETED MATERIAL OVERHEAD
DIRECT LABOUR BUDGETED HOURS
STD: 10000 Units*9hours
DEL: 8000 Units*11hours
ULT: 2000 Units*13hours
TOTAL DIRECT LABOUR HOURS
PREDETERMINED OVERHEAD
RATE:
$4,896,000/204,000= $24Per hour

90000
88000
26000
204000

Product costs from traditional, volume

based product costing system: Patio Grill
company

Trouble in patio company

Less profitability by the prodcts
Unable to achieve target price( 120% of
full product cost)
standard

Deluxe

Ultimate

Production cost
under traditional
volume based
system

$496.00

$604.00

$752.00

Target selling price

$595.00

$724.80

$902.40

Actual selling price

$585.00

$705.00

$940.00

The Need for a New Approach

Tremendous change in manufacturing and service

industries.
Decrease in amount of direct labour and direct material
usage.
Significant increase in total overhead costs.
Intense global competition.
Costs of non volume related activities can not be
apportioned on volume basis as in traditional method.
There was an urgent need to integrate activity
measurement and financial measurement.

Defintion as per CIMA:

Cost attribution to cost units on the basis of benefit
received from indirect activities such as ordering,setting
up,assuring,quality.

Meaning:
Activity based costing is an accounting methodology
that assigns costs to activities rather than products
or services .
Focuses on activities as the fundamental cost
objects.
Costs are grouped according to what causes them to
be incurred.

Characteristics :
1)It lays emphasis on different costs for different purposes and
only those costs are identified which are relevant to a
particular decision.
2)The more important distinction between cost behaviour
patterns are volume related , time related and events related.
3)Cost drivers(activities those generate costs) need to be
identified.
4)The reporting of costs incurred on significant activities
provides basis for understanding what causes overhead costs.
4)Effective method of excercising cost control.
5)It aims at rectifying inaccurate cost information.

Traditional v/s ABC Approach:

Traditional approach

ABC approach

1)Lack of cause and effect

relationship between cost
allocation basis and indirect
cost pools.

1)Presence of cause and

effect relationship between
cost allocation basis and
indirect cost pools.

2)Uses a few pools of

indirect costs resulting in
overcosting or undercosting
of products.

2)Rational basis of
assigning indirect costs to
various activities.

3)Wrong pricing decisions

resuting in loss of market
share .

3)Improved decision
making such as fixing
selling price and
pinpointing the area where
cost reduction is possible.

Cost driver
It is a characteristic of an activity of an event or
activity that results in the incurrence of costs.

Factors affecting selection of

cost drivers
Degree of correlation
Cost of measurement
Behavioral effects

Activity Cost Pool:

The overhead cost attributed to a distinct type of activity. For example: ordering materials or setting up machines

Allocation of overheads under

ABC:
Service departments
&
Factory overheads

Assigning costs of
Individual activities

Activity
cost
pools

Product
lines

Application
of cost driver
rates

Overhead costs
Total budgeted cost = $4,896,000
Activity
cost
pools

Machine related
cost pool
$ 1,242,000

Set up cost tool

$ 210,000
purchasing cost
pool
$ 300,000
Quality assurance
cost pool
$110,000

Engineering
design cost pool
$ 130,000

Faci;ity
cost pool
$ 2,300,000

Packing cost pool

$264,000
Compute product cost of patio grill under various activity pools

Steps involved in Activity-based costing

Identify and classify the major activities and allocate
overheads to the appropriate cost pools.
Identify the cost driver that has a strong
correlation to the costs in the cost pool.
Compute the overhead rate for
each pool.

Establish demands made by a particular product on

activities using cost drivers.
Assign overhead costs to products using the overhead
rates : In assigning overhead costs, it is necessary to know the expected
use of cost drivers for each product.

ABC Data and Calculation for the machine Related cost Pool: Patio
Grill company

Total Product Cost as per ABC

STD

DEL

ULT

DIRECT MATERIAL

$100.00

$120.00

$180.00

DIRECT LABOR

$180.00

@220.00

@260.00

TOTAL DIRECT COST

$280.00

$340.00

$440.00

MACHINE RELATED

$54.00

$64.80

$440.00

SET UP

8.40

10.50

21.00

PURCHASING

10.00

12.00

52.00

MATERIAL HANDELING

13.60

17.00

34.00

QUALITY ASSURANCE

4.00

5.00

15.00

PACKING

12.00

12.00

24.00

ENGINEERING DESIGN

5.00

5.00

20.00

FACILITY

100.00

120.00

170.00

TOTAL INDIRECT COST

$207.00

$246.30

$427.80

TOTAL PRODUCT COST

$487.00

$586.30

$867.80

INDIRECT COST

Rules developed by Kaplan and

Cooper for ABC:
Focus on expensive resources.
Emphasis on resources whose consumption varies
significantly.
Focus on resources whose demand patterns are
uncorrelated.

Stages of ABC
ABC stage one -- Overhead costs are allocated to
activity cost pools.
Unit level:
Performed each time a unit is produced
Batch level:
Performed each time a batch is produced rather than
a unit.

Product-sustaining level:
It includes activities that are needed to support entire product line .
Facility level [general operations level]:
These activities are required in order for the entire production process to
occur

ABC Stage two

Cost drivers are identified for each activity cost
pool.
Unit activity costs for product lines and activity
cost pools are computed.

The overhead costs allocated to the cost

pools is assigned to products using cost

Main activities and its cost drivers

Main activities

Cost drivers

1) Material planning

No. of material
transactions
Volume of material
receipts
Volume of material orders

2)Maintenance

No. of machine
breakdowns
Maintenance schedule
Capital expenditure
Activity levels

3) Customer order
processing

Order value
Order source
Customer location

4)Inspection

Inspection plans
Number of problem
suppliers
Lack of good quality

Comparison of ABC v/s Traditional

costing system
Reported unit overhead cost:
traditional costing system
activity based costing system
Reported unit product cost (direct material,
direct labour and overhead):
traditional costing system
activity based costing system

STD

DEL

ULT

$216.00
207.00

$264.00
246.30

$312.00
427.80

496.00
487.00

604.00
586.30

752.00
867.80

595.20

724.80

902.40

584.40

703.56

1041.36

Sales price data:

Original targey price(120% of product cost
based on traditional costing system
New target price(120% of product cost based
on activity based costing system
Actual current selling price

585.00

705.00

940.00

What prices should

we set?

Which product
should we
promote?

Which customers are

profitable?

Gaining
competitive
advantage

How should we measure

performance?

Which distribution
channels should we follow?

How to implement ABC?

1)Identify functional areas.

2) Identify key activities in each functional area.
3)Allocate common indirect costs to various activities.
4)Identify most suitable cost driver in each activity
under functional areas.
5)Prepare statement of expenditure activity-wise.
6)Compare it with value addition activity wise to
know which activities need to be eliminated or need
improvement.

Advantages of ABC

More accurate
Understand how costs are
actually consumed
Use of more cost pools to assign overhead costs
Enhanced control over overhead costs
Better management decisions
Improvement in performance
Product/service pricing
Make or buy decision
Transfer pricing
Determination of products
service costs

Limitations of ABC
Can be expensive to use
Does not measure incremental costs

Ways of achieving cost reduction under

ABC

Ways of achieving cost

reduction

ABC system

1. Reducing set up time

To achieve low cost

2.Eliminating material
handling activities.

To reduce cost of handling

3.Using common
components

Wherever possible in order

to save cost and time.

Conclusion:
In order to reduce the direct cost of the
product , we can control the overheads when
one has the information of cost centres.
It becomes necessary to have a costing
system based on activity done.
Can not be applied if there is no clear
distinction for the costs attached to various
activities.
Implemented in different segments of an
organisation .
Equally applied in service sectors.

Thank You!!