auditory, and other sensory stimuli and transmit them to the brain; Sensory information that has registered in the brain but has not been interpreted called sensation
Perception The
process by which sensory information is actively
organized and interpreted by the brain The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting raw sensory data into useful mental representations of the world.
Eyes, ears, skin, nose, and tongue and
contain receptor cells
These receptor cells receive and process
sensory information from the environment
Transduction: sensory receptors (eyes, ears,
nose, skin, tongue) convert the stimulus into neural impulses which are sent to the brain
Perceptual processes include:
Selection refers to choosing which of many stimuli that will be processed.
Organization involves collecting the information into
some pattern.
Interpretation involves understanding the pattern.
person is to perceive it. The brighter a light, the more likely it is to be in the focus of perception. Size; A full page advertisement is more likely to be noticed than a half- column one. Distinct & Striking; distinct and striking things are perceived sooner than dull and unclear things. Movement; When things move suddenly in still and motionless environment ,it is quickly perceived .e.g. birds sitting quietly on tree are not quickly perceived as compared to ones about to fly.
5. 6.
7. 8.
Novelty; A new and novel thing is perceived
sooner than old and used thing. Duration; Television and radio advertisements of long duration are attended to more than those of short duration. Repetition; Repetition causes us to adapt to the repeated stimulus . Abrupt Change; Any change in stimulus conditions, such as increase in noise , often attracts attention.
Sometimes, perception is determined not
only by the physical characteristics of stimuli but by the characteristics of the perceiver. These are 1. Motives or needs 2. Interests & values 3. Past experience 4. Age 5. Preparatory set 6. Social & cultural factors
1.Motives or Needs; when people are
motivated ,they tend to see and hear what they want to hear. In other words, we may be set to perceive the world in ways that agree with our motives and match our goals. 2. Interests & Values; we attend to those aspects of world that relate to our interest. 3.Past Experience; Much of our daily activity is dependent upon past experience. we have learned to react to cues & symbols. E.g., on seeing a moving line on the sky, we guess it to be an airplane.
4. Age; Age brings a change in perception as
well. A child perceives things in different way as compared to a young person. 5.Preparatory Set; This refers to a persons readiness to respond to one kind of sensory input, but not to other kinds. 6.Social & Cultural Influences ; The normal perceptual experiences of a culture may lead its members to develop perceptual biases, suggestions and prejudices.
We perceive objects in different manners as
compared to their position in the environment. Objects may be moving or static, when we have to perceive motion. We may have to locate sounds and voices in the space around us. 1. Form Perception 2. Size Perception 3. Depth Perception 4. Perception of Movement 5. Time Perception
Gestaltists proposed laws of organization that
specify how people perceive form.
Figure and ground are basic organizational
themes for perception. Figure
is perceived as distinct from the
background. Figure is closer to the viewer than the background. Reversible Figures: Figure and ground can be switched
Formation of a figure: There are some factors
which would bring some order to perception
1. Nearness: Stimuli that are near to each other, tend to be grouped together 2. Similarity: Stimuli that are similar in size, shape, color, or form tend to be grouped together 3. Continuation or continuity: Perception tends towards simplicity and continuity 4. Closure: refers to the tendency to complete a figure, so, that it has a consistent overall form
Three types of constancy are explained
briefly here:
1. Size
Constancy 2. Shape Constancy 3. Color Constancy
1. Size Constancy:
Size constancy is the tendency to perceive objects in a
consistent manner despite the changing sensations that are received by our senses. visual constancy plays an important role in helping us adapt to our environment successfully. Learning plays an important role in the development of constancy. Once we know that certain objects in our environment have certain characteristics ,we tend to perceive them in the same way, regardless of the conditions under which they are perceived. When we know that an object is of a certain size, we tend to perceive it as being that same size, regardless of how far it is from our eyes. In Size constancy ,the perceiver has the ability to judge true or measured size, regardless of the distance involved.
2.Shape Constancy; When we know that
the object is a certain shape ,we tend to perceive it as the same shape, regardless of the viewing angle. We have learned to make corrections in our perception dependent on the angle from which we observe. 3.Color Constancy; Colors of objects tend to remain constant in perception when we know their true color. Visual objects also appear constant in their degree of whiteness, grayness and blackness.
The ability to view the world in three
dimensions and to perceive distance is known as depth perception. This ability helps to perceive three-dimensional space and to accurately judge distance.
When you ride in a moving vehicle and look
out the side window, the objects you see outside appear to be moving in the opposite direction Objects very far away, such as the moon and the sun, appear to move in the same direction as the viewer
Perception of Movement; Movement or Motion is
perceived by following the progressive change of an objects position in space with time. It has two types. 1. Real Movement; The perception of the actual movement of objects in the world is termed as real motion/movement perception. 2. Apparent Movement; It is movement perceived in the absence of physical movement of an image across the retina. This can be produced by a rapid succession of motionless stimuli that minimize the changes that occur in real movement. There are several types of apparent motion/movement:
1. 2.
We perceive time in , seconds, minutes, and
hours which pass into days weeks months and in years and even in centuries. Time is perceived in terms of Past, Present, and Future Perception of time is less in children than elders Several factors influence time perception: Subjective( age, activity, motivation, intelligence ) Objective: