Exergy

Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

What? Exergy? Can I

eat it? What? No?

Contents:
1. What is exergy?
2. Reversible work
3. Second law efficiency
*~#$!

4. Forms of exergy
5. Exergy change
6. Exergy transfer
7. Exergy balance

What is Exergy?

Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Exergy:
=> Useful work potential of a system at specified
state
=> Represent maximum useful work obtainable from
a system
=> Also called availability or available
energy
=> Exergy is a thermodynamic
property
=> Value depends on:
the state of the
system
the surroundings

What is Exergy?
Considerations in exergy
analysis:
Initial state is specified
Process path is reversible
Final state is at dead state,
i.e.
temperature and pressure
equal to the surroundings
no kinetic and potential energy
chemically innert

Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Reversible work

Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Process involving boundary

work:
Expansion => part of work
produced is used to push
atmospheric pressure
Compression => part of work
applied is helped by atmospheric
pressure
Surroundings work Wsurr => work done
by or against surroundings during a
process

Wsurr P0 (V2 V1 )

Useful work Wu => difference

between actual work and
surrounding work

Wu W Wsurr

Reversible work

Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Reversible work Wrev: => max useful work obtainable

from a
reversible process between specified initial and
If
final
state = dead state,
final
states
=> reversible work equals
exergy
Irreversibility => difference
between reversible work and
useful work

I Wrev ,out Wu ,out

I Wu ,in Wrev ,in

For work producing

process e.g.
expansion, turbine
For work consuming
process e.g.
compression,
compressor

Second Law Efficiency

1st. Law efficiency:

=> a measure of performance of a device
=> doesnt relate to its best possible
performance
Desired output
1st. Law efficiency

th

Wnet ,out
QH

Required input

QL
COPR
Win

COPHP

QH

Win

Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Second Law Efficiency

Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

2nd. Law efficiency => a measure of

performance of a device relative to its best
possible performance
Best possible performance => reversible
condition

Wu
W for work - producing device
rev

th
II

th ,rev Wrev
for work - consuming device
Wu

COP
COPII
COPrev

2nd. Law efficiency of

all reversible devices is
100%

Forms of Exergy
Forms of energy of a
system:
Energy of
a system

Kinetic
Energy

Potential
Energy

Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Internal
Energy

1 2
1 2
Q W m(h V gz )in m(h V gz ) out (U KE PE ) system
2
2

Each form of energy has a potential to produce

work
Each form of energy has work potential (i.e.
exergy)
Not all energy can be converted to work
Mechanical form of energy can
be converted all to exergy
Exergy of a system is the sum of all exergies
from each form of energy in the system

Forms of Exergy
Exergy of kinetic energy:

Exergy of potential
energy:

xke ke

Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

x pe pe gz

Exergy of internal
energy:

xu (u u0 ) P0 (v v0 ) T0 ( s s0 )

Exergy of
system:
1

xsys xu xke x pe

xsys (u u0 ) P0 (v v0 ) T0 ( s s0 )

V
2

gz

Forms of Exergy
Exergy of
system:

10

Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

xsys xu xke x pe

xsys (u u0 ) P0 (v v0 ) T0 ( s s0 )

Exergy change of
system:

gz

xsys xu xke x pe

xsys (u 2 u1 ) P0 (v2 v1 ) T0 ( s2 s1 )

V2

X sys (U 2 U 1 ) P0 (V2 V1 ) T0 ( S 2 S1 ) m

V2

V1

g ( z 2 z1 )

X sys ( E2 E1 ) P0 (V2 V1 ) T0 ( S 2 S1 )
=> exergy of closed
system (no mass flow) per

V1
2

mg ( z 2 z1 )

xsys
X sys mxsys m

Exergy Transfer

11

Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Exergy can be transferred to or from

a system in three forms (like energy):
heat
flow

work

mass

Exergy transfer equation is derived

from energy transfer components:
1 2
1 2
Q W m(h V gz )in m(h V gz ) out (U KE PE ) system
2
2

Exergy Transfer
Exergy
transfer by
heat:

X heat

T0
1 Q
T

Exergy transfer by heat

is zero for adiabatic
systems

Adiaba
tic
Q=0
Exergy transfer by
work:
X work

W Wsurr

for boundary work

for other forms of work

It is possible to get all work

potential (i.e. exergy) from

12

Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Exergy Transfer

13

Exergy transfer by mass

flow :
=> derived from flow energy
equation

Flow work w flow h

V
2

gz

Flow exergy (h h0 ) T0 ( s s0 )
m ( H H 0 ) T0 ( S S 0 ) m

V
2

(h2 h1 ) T0 ( s2 s1 )

gz

mgz

V2 V1
2

g ( z 2 z1 )

Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Exergy Balance

14

Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Decrease of exergy
principle:
Derived from 1st. and 2nd. Law of thermodynamics
States that exergy of isolated system
during a process always decrease. In the
limiting case of a reversible process,
exergy remains the same.

X isolated ( X 2 X 1 ) isolated 0

Exergy Balance
Decrease of exergy in isolated
system is due to process
irreversibilities => exergy
destruction
Process irreversibilities also
cause entropy generation =>
increase of entropy principle
Exergy destruction and entropy
generation are related

X destroyed T0 S generated 0

15

Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Exergy Balance
Exergy change of a system
undergoing a process can
be +ve or -ve, BUT exergy
destruction cannot be
negative

0
S gen 0
0

16

0
X des 0
0

Irreversible
Reversible
Impossible

Irreversible
Reversible
Impossible

General exergy balance

equation:

X in X out

Net exergy transfer
by heat, work and mass

X destroyed

Exergy destruction

Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

X system

Change in exergy

Exergy Balance

17

Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Exergy balance for closed system:

X heat X work X destroyed X system

T0
1 T Q W P0 (V2 V1 ) X destroyed X system

Exergy balance for open system:

X heat X work X mass ,in X mass ,out X destroyed X system

T0
1 T Q W P0 (V2 V1 ) mi i me e X destroyed X system

Summary

18

Advanced Thermo-fluids
Exergy

Exergy => Useful work potential of a system at

specified state
Reversible work Wrev: => max useful work obtainable
from reversible process between specified initial and
final states
2nd. Law efficiency => a measure of
performance of a device relative to its best
possible performance
2
V
Exergy of a
xsys (u u0 ) P0 (v v0 ) T0 ( s s0 )
gz
system
2
Exergy balance:

T0
1 T Q W P0 (V2 V1 ) mi i me e X destroyed X system
Relation between exergy
destroyed and entropy

X destroyed T0 S generated 0