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Perforation
Perforation
1. Initiator or
Detonator
2. Detonating Cord
3. Shaped Charges
2. Detonating Cord
Used to transmit detonation along the axis of the
perforating gun, sequentially initiating each charges as
the detonation wave passes by.
The protective sheath
1. Single-component material
- lead or aluminum
2. Layered materials
- such as an extruded plastic jacket
over a woven fabric braid.
CORDS
VELOCITY
DESCRIPTION
Slowest
26,00 ft/sec
HMX w/ pressure
Up to 29,500 ft/sec
3. Shaped Charges
The shaped charge, or jet perforator, is the explosive
component that actually creates the perforation.
TYPES OF
SHAPED CHARGE
LINER
GEOMETRY
DESCRIPTION
1. Deep Penetrating
(DP) Charge
conical, a
long, thin
parabolic or
hemispherical
HOLE
DIAMETER
JET TIP
VELOCITY
up to 26,000 ft/sec
(Copper Liner)
13,000 to
20,000 ft/se
3. Good Hole
Charge
TYPES
LINER MATERIALS
DP Perforators (DP)
Charges
Copper
Brass alloys the presence of alloying
elements (primarily zinc) in the brass cause the jet to break up
and leave less liner debris in the perforation tunnel.
Hydrocodes
powerful computer codes that allow to study the
mechanics of the collapse and penetration processes.
It also allow the viewing of explosive events on a
microsecond-by-microsecond basis.
hydrocodes correctly model the physics of the
penetration process as long as the dynamic material
properties for both the shaped charge and the target
are well known.
Penetration Process
Hydrodynamic Approximation
Assumed the jet and target were incompressible, or
Bernoulli, fluids.
This allowed the strengths and viscosities of the jet and
target materials to be neglected since the impact
pressure far exceeds the yield strength of most materials.
Temperature plays a negligible part in the penetration
process.