, :

, DERCAM
.

 (1/3)
53.4 % EU-28s (
)

Reserves-to-Production
40 .

 (2/3)

, EU-28, 2012. : Eurostat,

2014
4

 (3/4)
20-20-20
(.3851/2010)
2030 (EU)


2050.
5

 (4/4)

(
)

2015
18.50%


,

DER



,

.

,
7
win-win


DER

?
?

?

?

?
8

(2013). : TILOS PROJECT, 2015

9

10

 (1/6)
DER-CAM (Distributed Energy Resources Customer Adoption
Model)

11

 (2/6)
-

Electricity load profiles

DG technologies are appropriate

to be installed
Capacities of these technologies

Existing OPEX (marginal cost +

CO2 relative costs)
Capital, O&M costs, fuel costs

Optimal electricity dispatch

Interest rate, maximum PBP

Total cost for supplying the

electric loads (including the
annualized capital costs)
12

 (3/6)

Definition of reference case. Source: The Author

13

 (4/6)

14

 (5/6)

() : 0.8
.
(): 1.5
.

15

 (6/6)

16

 (1/12)
To

17

 (2/12)

Reference
Investment
scenario

Total Savings (%)

OPEX Savings (%)

Annual
Electricity
costs* (k)
472.16

Annual
outage
Total Annual Total Annual CO2
events costs Energy Costs
emissions
(k)
(k)
(metric tons)
440.57
921.86
1,977

119.06

4.89

124.18

123

74.8%

98.9%

86.5%
102.6%

93.8%

,
.
18

 (3/12)

(450kw Pv, 750kw WG, 225 kw

19
storage)

 (4/12)

CO2

Reference
Investment
scenario

Annual
Electricity
costs* (k)
472.16
503.98

Annual outage Total Annual Total Annual CO2

events costs Energy Costs emissions (metric
(k)
(k)
tons)
440.57
921.86
1,997
789.46

1,293.67

59

Total Savings
(%)
-6.7%
-79.2%
-40.3%
97.1%
OPEX Savings
(%)
8.7%
,
.
20

 (5/12)

21

 (6/12)

Wcos
:
t
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
WCO2 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

22

 (7/12)

Total load
CO2

Total load outage

curtailments

Energy

Electricity

emissions

costs from load

during outage

Wcost

WCO2

cost (k)

cost (k)

(tn)

curtailments (k)

events (kWh)

129.3

122.8

138.5

6.5

1,421

0.9

0.1

130.4

122.6

112.8

7.8

1,129

0.8

0.2

149.4

147.7

103.1

1.7

543

0.7

0.3

186.9

186.1

90.4

0.7

247

0.6

0.4

275.5

275.5

72.8

0.0

0.5

0.5

342.0

342.0

65.8

0.0

0.4

0.6

365.2

365.2

65.4

0.0

0.3

0.7

466.3

466.3

59.7

0.0

0.2

0.8

503.0

503.0

59.7

0.0

0.1

0.9

600.5

600.5

58.9

0.0

1,293.7

1,293.7

58.9

0.0

124.2

119.3

123.0

4.9

878

Cost optimization

23

 (8/12)
Preferred win-win solution

24
.

 (9/12)

Preferred win-win solution

,
,
.

25

 (10/12)
(0.7/0.3)
Cost minimization summary. Source: The Author

Reference
Investment
scenario

Annual
Electricity
costs* (k)
472.16
177.82

Annual outage Total Annual Total Annual CO2

events costs
Energy
emissions (metric
(k)
Costs (k)
tons)
440.57
921.86
1,997
0.74

178.79

Total Savings
(%)
62.3%
99.8%
80.6%
OPEX Savings
(%)
103.3%
*
incl. annualized capital costs, electricity sales and CO2 costs

114

94.3%

26

 (11/12)

- (0.7/0.3) .

27

 (12/12)

- (0.7/0.3) (
28
, 2013)

 (1/2)
DER-CAM

.

.
,
.

29

 (2/2)
.
.
DER-CAM (MILP- mixed integer linear
program )

MILP DER-CAM 1%.

.
30

 (1/2)
:






.
31

 (2/2)
,








32

 (1/2)
DER,
:

33

 (2/2)
,
DER.


win-win
.

DER
34

DER

35