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Female Sex Hormones
Female Sex Hormones
Mechanisms of Action
High-afnity estrogen and progestin receptors are found in
target tissues.
Receptor binding by estrogens and progestins
activate a classic pathway of steroid hormone gene
transcription.
Hypothalamic-PituitaryReproduction Axis
Regulates sex hormone synthesis.
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Contraception
Hormone replacement therapy.
Osteoporosis,
Breast cancer,
Endometrial cancer,
Infertility.
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Hormonal Contraception
Progestins, alone or in combination with estrogens, can be
used to prevent conception.
Oral contraceptives are among the most effective forms of
birth control.
Two types of preparations are used for oral contraception:
(1) combinations of estrogens and progestins (COCs) and
(2) Progestin-Only Contraception.
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Mechanism of action
Combination estrogen-progestin contraception:
suppresses GnRH, LH, and FSH secretion and follicular
development,
inhibiting ovulation.
Midcycle surge of FSH and LH blocked.
Co-administration of estrogen and progestin may also inhibit
pregnancy by a number of secondary mechanisms, including:
alterations in tubal peristalsis, endometrial receptivity, and
cervical mucus secretions.
Inhibit the proper transport of both egg and sperm, even if
ovulation were to occur.
These mechanisms explain the >95% efficacy of COCs.
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2. Progestin-Only Contraception
Not extensively used because of:
an increased incidence of certain side effects and
slightly decreased contraceptive activity.
It can be used in situations where estrogen may be
contraindicated.
The undesirable side effects associated with progestin-only
contraceptives are;
irregular bleeding episodes,
headache, weight gain, and mood changes.
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Mirena
a relatively new intrauterine contraceptive device that
releases levonorgestrel into the uterine cavity for 5 years.
Its use is associated with fewer systemic progestin side
effects and
is at least as effective as Norplant.
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