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Dr. Shamanthakamani Narendran: M.D. (Pead), Ph.D. (Yoga Science)
Dr. Shamanthakamani Narendran: M.D. (Pead), Ph.D. (Yoga Science)
Dr. Shamanthakamani Narendran: M.D. (Pead), Ph.D. (Yoga Science)
Shamanthakamani Narendran
INTRODUCTION
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a complex, autoimmune
disorder in which antibodies destroy neuromuscular
connections.
Causes problems with the nerves that communicate
with muscles.
Affects the voluntary muscles of the body, especially
the eyes, mouth, throat, and limbs.
SYMPTOMS
Babies with neonatal MG may be weak, with a poor suck, and
may have respiratory difficulty. A few babies may need the
help of a mechanical breathing machine if their respiratory
muscles are too weak to breathe on their own. Symptoms go
away as the maternal antibodies disappear over time.
Congenital MG symptoms may begin in the first year, with
generalized weakness in the arms and legs, and delays in
motor skills such as crawling, sitting, and walking. Babies
may have difficulty feeding and may have weak eyelids and
poor head control.
Juvenile MG symptoms may begin gradually over weeks or
months. The child may become excessively tired after very
little activity, and begin to have problems chewing and
swallowing. Drooping eyelids may be so severe that the child
cannot see.
Eye muscles
In more than half the people who develop MG, their
first signs and symptoms involve eye problems:
Drooping of one or both eyelids (ptosis)
Double vision (diplopia), which may be horizontal or
vertical
Blurred vision, which may come and go
Normal dumbbell
Weakness dumbbell
CAUSES
Myasthenia gravis may be inherited as a rare,
genetic disease, acquired by babies born to mothers
with MG, or the disorder may develop spontaneously
later in childhood.
Nerves communicate with the muscles by releasing
chemicals, called neurotransmitters, which fit
precisely into receptor sites on the muscle cells.
In myasthenia gravis, immune system produces
antibodies that block or destroy many of the muscles'
receptor sites for a neurotransmitter called
acetylcholine.
With fewer receptor sites available, muscles receive
fewer nerve signals, resulting in weakness.
Factors worsening MG
Fatigue
Illness
Stress
Extreme heat
Medications such as beta blockers, calcium
channel blockers, quinine and some antibiotics
COMPLICATIONS
Myasthenic crisis: A life-threatening condition,
which occurs when the muscles that control
breathing become too weak to do their jobs.
Emergency treatment is needed to provide
mechanical assistance with breathing. Medications
and blood-filtering therapies help people recover
from myasthenic crisis, so they can again breathe
on their own.
Thymus tumors: About 15 percent of the people
who have myasthenia gravis have a tumor in their
thymus, a gland under the breastbone that is
involved with the immune system. Most of these
tumors are noncancerous.
Other disorders
Underactive or overactive thyroid. The thyroid
gland, located in the neck, secretes hormones that
regulate metabolism. If thyroid is underactive, body
uses energy more slowly. An overactive thyroid
makes body use energy too quickly.
Lupus. Disease of immune system. Common
symptoms include painful or swollen joints, hair loss,
extreme fatigue and a red rash on the face.
Rheumatoid arthritis. Caused by problems with
immune system. It is most conspicuous in the wrists
and fingers, and can result in joint deformities that
make it difficult to use hands.
Reflexes
Muscle strength
Muscle tone
Senses of touch and sight
Coordination
Balance
CT Chest
Thymom
a
Single-fiber EMG
Medications
Cholinesterase inhibitors. Drugs like pyridostigmine
(Mestinon) enhance communication between nerves
and muscles. These drugs don't cure, but improves
muscle contraction and strength.
Corticosteroids. These types of drugs inhibit the
immune system, limiting antibody production. Prolonged
use of corticosteroids, can lead to serious side effects,
like bone thinning, weight gain, diabetes, increased risk
of some infections, and increase and redistribution of
body fat.
Immunosuppressants. Doctor may also prescribe
other medications that alter immune system, like
azathioprine (Imuran), cyclosporine (Sandimmune,
Neoral) or mycophenolate (CellCept).
Therapy
Plasmapheresis. This procedure uses a filtering
process similar to dialysis. Blood is routed through a
machine that removes the antibodies that are
blocking transmission of signals from nerve endings
to muscles' receptor sites. However, the beneficial
effects usually last only a few weeks.
Intravenous immune globulin. This therapy
provides body with normal antibodies, which alters
immune system response. It has a lower risk of side
effects than do plasmapheresis and immunesuppressing therapy, but it can take a week or two to
start working and the benefits usually last less than
a month or two.
Surgery
Thymectomy - surgical removal of the thymus
gland. The role of the thymus gland in MG is not fully
understood, and the thymectomy may or may not
improve a child's symptoms.
Plasmapheresis - a procedure that removes
abnormal antibodies from the blood and replaces
the child's blood with normal antibodies through
donated blood.
Extent of the problems is dependent on the severity
of the condition and the presence of other problems
that could affect the child.
Nutrition
Along with exercises & breathing practices eating
habits should also be altered.
Simple, nourishing, no stimulating foods, including
plenty of fresh fruits & lightly cooked vegetable,
particularly greens.
Asparagus is considered excellent since it contains
certain natural steroid-like nutritious elements, which
help strengthen the weakened muscles caused by
MG.
Whole meal grains, sprouts & pulses in places eggs
and meats.
Food should have a blend of all necessary vitamins.
Results Median age at onset was 8 years and mean period of follow-up
was 6.2 years (range 6 months to 25 years).
At presentation, 30% of patients had ocular myasthenia and the rest had
generalized disease.
Twenty-one patients (27%) had disease confined to ocular muscles
throughout the course and three had limb girdle myasthenia.
Familial myasthenia was more common than adult onset disease, 10
patients had positive family history.
Unlike adults, none of the patients had associated autoimmune disease.
Fifty-two patients (67%) received corticosteroids, and azathioprine was
added in five patients.
Thymectomy was performed in 11 patients, six below the age of 15 years.
Thymic histology was normal in one and showed hyperplasia in eight and
thymoma in one.
Four patients had crisis.
At the end of follow-up, 25 patients were asymptomatic, 28 had partial
improvement, and nine remained unchanged or worsened and two died.
Ten patients achieved complete stable remission.