Bios220

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Lecture 3.
Mitosis and Meiosis
Terminology
gamete, zygote
mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
telophase)

meiosis (prophase I&II, metaphase I&II, anaphase

I&II, telophaseI&II)

sister chromatids, kinetochore, cohesin,

spindle, tetrad, bivalent

Chromosomes and chromosomal

morphology
Mendels Rules of inheritance
Mitosis and Meiosis

Chromosomes have a
constricted region called the
centromere
Nucleus of a mitotic cell
Nucleus of a
Interphase cell

Centromere
v
Chromosomes found in pairs
Primary constrictioncentromere
Ends of chromosomestelomeres
Each chromosome has a

Telomere

Centromere

Location of the centromere gives

the chromosome its general
appearance.
Chromosome morphology: centromere
locations

Each organisms has it own

distinct number of
chromosomes
Common mame

Species

Chromosome #

Human

Homo sapiens

23

Cat

Felis catus

19

Fruit fly

Drosophila
melanogaster

King crab

Paralithodes
camtschatica

104

Pea

Pisum sativum

Mendelian Inheritance
in Eight rules and definitions
1. Gene(s) is necessary to produce trait
(phenotype)
2. Two copies of each gene per cell
3. Multiple forms of genes: Alleles
4. Genes determine phenotype
5. Genes are transmitted intact
6. Segregation of gene pairs into gametes
7. Zygote: one allele from each parent
8. Independent Assortment of genes

Chromosome Theory of
Inheritance
20 years after Mendel
Chromosomes were observed in cells
Chromosomes were visible during two
cellular processes
Mitosis and Meiosis

Chromosomes were present in pairs

During gamete formation pairs
separated from each other

Sutton and Boveri hypothesized that

chromosomes carried Mendels traits
(Genes)

Chromosome MECHANISMS underlie Five

of the eight Mendelian rules and definitions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Gene is necessary to produce trait

Two copies of each gene (chromosome) per cell
Multiple forms of genes: Alleles
Genes determine phenotype
Genes (chromosomes) are transmitted intact
Equal segregation of gene pairs (chromosomes)
into gametes
7. Zygote: one allele from each parent
(one chromosome of each pair from each parent)
8. Independent Assortment of genes (of chromosomes
at meiosis)

Chromosome mechanics:
Mitosis and Meiosis
Mitosis
a process where a eukaryotic cell divides
to produce two daughter cells containing
the same number of chromosomes as the
parental cell
Precise
One cell2n
produces two
2nequal products
2n

Cell growth

Chromosome mechanics:
Mitosis and Meiosis
Meiosis - 4 haploid products
Reduction of 2n to 1n
2n

1n

1n

1n

1n

One of each chromosome

Gamete formation

Patterns in meiosis account for many

features of Mendels laws

Cell Cycle and Mitosis

Cell cycle Events from completion
of one division to the next division
Interphase
Gap 1, Synthesis stage, Gap2 (Gap 0)

Mitosis
Cellular reproduction producing two
progeny cells genetically identical to
parental cell
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase,
anaphase, telophase

Cell cycle-Mitosis

DNA Synthesis

Chromosomes in
the Eukaryotic life cycle
Zygote

Mitosis

Development

Meiosis

Fertilization
Zygote

Basis of Mendels Rules in Chromosome

Transmission
Diploid
2 per cell

Mitosis

Segregation
id
l
l
o
l
e
p e te c
a
H m per
ga ne
O

Meiosis

Fertilization

One allele
from each
parent

Stages of Mitosis

Stages of Mitosis
2N
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase

Telophase

N = haploid chromosome number

2N

2N chromosomes

2N

2N

Mitosis: Terminology
@: 1 chromosome
1 unreplicated centromere
2 replicated chromatids

2N chromosomes

Prophase
2N chromosomes
4N chromatids
Metaphase

4N chromatids
2N centromeres
2N chromosomes

Anaphase

Telophase
N = haploid chromosome number
2N

2N chromosomes

2N
2N chromosome each cell

2N

Results of Mitosis
2n parental cell gives rise to two
daughter cells
Two daughter cells are 2n
Cell division resulting in two
genetically identical cells Cell
growth

Meiosis
Each species contains a specific number of
chromosomes 2n
Humans- 46 chromosomes
Humans- 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes

During the formation of gametes, MEIOSIS,

the number is exactly halved n
Chromosome number reduction is non-random
One homologous chromosome of each pair
Humans 23 chromosomes present in the gamete

Combination of two gametes during

fertilization reestablishes the 2n number of
chromosomes
Humans, sperm contains 23 chromosomes and egg

Meiosis
Meiosis
Production of four gametic cells
Four gametic cells are 1n
DNA synthesis occurs before meiosis begins
Two nuclear divisions
Prophase I
Homologous chromosomes become synaped
Tetrad

Crossing over between homologous chromosomes

metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I

Prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II,
telophase II

Stages of Meiosis
Prophase

2N

2N chromosomes
4N chromatids
N Tetrads

Metaphase I

Anaphase II

Anaphase I

Stages of Meiosis
Prophase

2N

2N chromosomes
4N chromatids
N Tetrads

Metaphase I

Equational
Division

Reductional
Division

Anaphase II

Anaphase I

Alternative Alignments are possible in

Meiosis
Metaphase I

OR

Metaphase II
a-a

A-A

A-A

a-a

Alternative Alignments are possible in

Meiosis
Metaphase I

OR

Metaphase II
a-a

A-A

A-A

a-a

Alternative Alignments are possible in

Meiosis
Metaphase I

OR

Metaphase II
-A

-B

-B

-b

A-

a-a

-B

-b
b-

-a a-

-B

-b

A-A

Meiosis
Reduces the chromosome number from
Diploid to haploid
Produces gametes or spores with 1n content
Ensures genetic variety by independently
assorting chromosomes
Ensures genetic variety by allowing crossing
over between homologous chromosomes
Fertilization of gametes reconstitutes the
diploid complement of chromosomes

Genes are part of

chromosomes
First meiotic prophase

First meiotic anaphase

Gametes produced

Genes are part of

chromosomes
Alternative arrangement

First meiotic prophase

First meiotic anaphase

Gametes produced

 Gamete
A reproductive cell that contains a
haploid set of chromosomes

Zygote
A zygote is the product of the fusion of
an egg and a sperm. It contains two
copies of each chromosome, one from
each parent. Egg and sperm cells, on
the other hand, each contain only one
copy of each chromosome. The zygote
develops into an embryo.

 Go to the textbook website to watch

animation of
Mitosis
Meiosis