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Ap-I Ultrasonics
Ap-I Ultrasonics
Ap-I Ultrasonics
Introduction to Ultrasonics
Properties of Ultrasonic waves
Ultrasonic
ProductionMagnetostriction
Method
Ultrasonic Production- Piezo Electric Method
Applications of Ultrasonics
Worked Problem
Introduction to Ultrasonics
The word ultrasonic combines the Latin roots ultra,
meaning beyond and sonic, or sound.
The sound waves having frequencies above the audible
range i.e. above 20000Hz are called ultrasonic waves.
Generally these waves are called as high frequency
waves.
The field of ultrasonics have applications for imaging,
detection and navigation.
The broad sectors of society that regularly apply ultrasonic
technology are the medical community, industry, the
military and private citizens.
AP-I UNIT 1 LECTURE 6
Ultrasonics Production
Ultrasonic waves are produced by the
following methods.
(1)
(2)
Magnetoagnetostriction Generator
Construction
The experimental arrangement is shown in Figure
Magnetostriction oscillator
AP-I UNIT 1 LECTURE 6
Working
When High Tension (H.T) battery is switched on, the
collector circuit oscillates with a frequency,
f=
1
2 L1 C
1
2l
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Advantages
1.
2.
Disadvantages
1. It has low upper frequency limit and cannot generate
ultrasonic frequency above 3000 kHz (ie. 3MHz).
2. The frequency of oscillations depends on temperature.
3. There will be losses of energy due to hysteresis and eddy
current.
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Construction
The circuit diagram is shown in Figure
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Working
2 L1C1
n =
P
2l
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Advantages
Ultrasonic frequencies as high as 5 x 108Hz or 500 MHz
can be obtained with this arrangement.
The output of this oscillator is very high.
It is not affected by temperature and humidity.
Disadvantages
The cost of piezo electric quartz is very high
The cutting and shaping of quartz crystal are very
complex.
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Experimental setup
It consists of an ultrasonic frequency generator and a cathode
ray oscilloscope (CRO),transmitting transducer(A), receiving
transducer(B) and an amplifier.
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Working
In flaws, there is a change of medium and this
produces reflection of ultrasonic at the cavities or
cracks.
The reflected beam (echoes) is recorded by using
cathode ray oscilloscope.
The time interval between initial and flaw echoes
depends on the range of flaw.
By examining echoes on CRO, flaws can be detected
and their sizes can be estimated.
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Features
This method is used to detect flaws in all common
structural metals and other materials like rubber
tyres etc.
The method is very cheap and of high speed of
operation.
It is more accurate than radiography.
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(7) SONAR
SONAR is a technique which stands for Sound
Navigation and Ranging.
It uses ultrasonics for the detection and identification
of under water objects.
The method consists of sending a powerful beam of
ultrasonics in the suspected direction in water.
By noting the time interval between the emission and
receipt of beam after reflection, the distance of the
object can be easily calculated.
The change in frequency of the echo signal due to the
Dopper effect helps to determine the velocity of the
body and its direction.
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(2)Ultrasound in research
Scientists often use in research, for instant to break
up high molecular weight polymers, thus creating
new plastic materials.
Indeed, ultrasound also makes it possible to
determine the molecular weight of liquid polymers,
and to conduct other forms of investigation on the
physical properties of materials.
Ultrasonic can also speed up certain chemical
reactions.
Hence it has gained application in
agriculture, that seeds subjected to ultrasound may
germinate more rapidly and produce higher yields.
AP-I UNIT 1 LECTURE 6
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Worked Problem
A quartz crystal of thickness 1 mm is vibrating at
resonance. Calculate the fundamental frequency.
Given Y for quartz = 7.9 x 1010 Nm-2 and for
quartz = 2650 kg m-3.
The frequency of the vibration
P
f =
2t
38
Here
P=1
1
f = 2 0.001
7.9 1010
2650
= 2.72998 x 106 Hz
The fundamental frequency of the quartz
crystal
= 2.730 x 106 Hz = 2.73MHz
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