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Perforating
Perforating
Perforating
Density
gms/cc
Detonating
Velocity
( Ft/Sec.)
Detonating
Pressure
( M Psi)
RDX
Cyclo Tri-methylene
Tri- Nitramine
1.80
28,700
HMX
Cyclo tetramethylene
Tetranitramine
1.90
30,000
5.7
HNS
Hexa Nitro Stilbene
1.74
24,300
3.5
PYX
Bis(picrylamino)-3,5Dinitro pyridine
1.77
24,900
3.7
Shaped Charge
ShapedCharge
Explosive
Booster
Powder
Explosive
Main Load
Liner DP
Charge
Case
Liner BH
BH Liners are pressed from
sheet metal.
ShapedCharge
PressPress
Press
Charge
Case
Explosive
Booster
Powder
Explosive
Main Load
Quickie dot adhered to
hold booster powder in
place
ShapedCharge
The finished shaped charge has
high density explosive in the
cavity behind the liner.
Charge
Case
Explosive
This Booster
area of the shaped
Powder
charge
is VERY
sensitive to impact!!!
Liner
Explosive
Main Load
Booster powder
protrudes past end of
case (dimple)
ShapedChargeDynamics
Charge
Case
Detonating
Cord
Detonator
Liner
Explosive
Main Load
Explosive
Booster
Powder
ShapedCharge
Perforation - Basics
Perforation - Basics
PERFORATING
PerforatingCurrent Paradigm
p=
b) K < 100 md
p=
Where
K = permeability, md
phi = porosity, %
D
= tunnel diameter, in
What is PURE?
Background
1970s : Use of under balance (UB) for perforation identified
198090s research
Establishing UB criterion
Rapid fluid influx responsible for perforation cleanup
- Well bore pressure remains constant during perforating
- Static UB effective across entire area
1985
(SPE-14321)
Background( Cont)
The belief of 90 s research
Duration of surge flow post UB perforation dominated cleanup
Behrmanns optimal underbalance formula for zero skin
perforations became BIBLE
Dynamic forces ( transient pressure differential & fluid associated
drag) are crucial for perforation cleanup
Little focus on how much pressure UB actually occurred
Perforating Objectives
Maximize well productivity or injectivity by
Perforation Tunnel
Undamaged (K)
Damaged (Kc)
Terminology
K = Permeability of the undamaged reservoir
Kc = Permeability of the crushed zone around
rock
the
perforation tunnel
Kd = Permeability of damaged zone
PR = Productivity ratio = ln(re/rw)/(ln(re/rw + skin)
CFE = Core Flow Efficiency
Best Perforation?
All tests at 1000 psi under
balance
Test
1
CFE =
0.70
P = 11.5
Test 2
CFE = 0.69
P = 11.8
Test 3
CFE = 0.61
P = 11.25
Test 4
CFE = 0.21
P = 11.1
Perforation Dynamics
Diferential Pressure,
psi
2000
1000
Test 4
Test 3
-1000
Test 1
Test 2
-2000
0
0.2
0.4
0.
6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Time, sec
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
Best Perforation?
Tests shot at 500 psi over balance
Test
7
CFE =
0.92
P = 11.5
Test
8
CFE = 0.24
P = 11.5
Test
9
CFE = 0.41
P = 10.4
Perforation Dynamics
2500
1500
Test 9
500
0
Test 8
-500
Test 7
-1500
-1500
-2500
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Time, sec
1.0
rock.
3 15 millisec. initial response of wellbore
fluid.
25 100 millisec. Perforation damage
removal.
> 50 millisec. response of reservoir.
PURE Features
Induces a dynamic under balance in the first few 100
milliseconds after shot.
Benefits
Increases productivity or injectivity
maximize perforation cleanup
md oil.
Wells with long perforated intervals.
Water/gas injectors
Where multiple WL gun runs are necessary.
Guns must be shot in liquid.
Well LPDC
Reservoir pressure ~
5119 psi
Reservoir pressure ~
5119 psi
SPE 71642