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CH 5 Electrons in Atoms
CH 5 Electrons in Atoms
CH 5 Electrons in Atoms
Electrons in Atoms
N U C L E A R AT O M I C M O D E L
Rutherford
Explains simple
properties
Does not explain
chemical properties of
elements
BOHR MODEL
1913 Niels Bohr
Changed model to include how the energy of
an atom changes when the atom absorbs or
emits light
He made a model for Hydrogen.
Proposed that electrons are only found in
specific paths or orbits around the nucleus.
BOHR MODEL
Energy levels the fixed energies an electron
can have based on its orbit
Quantum the amount of energy needed to
change energy levels
(Quantum is related to quantity, how much)
Q UA N T U M M E C H A N I C A L
MODEL
Comes from mathematical solutions to the
Schrdinger equation
Electron energy is restricted to certain values (like
Bohr model)
No specified electron orbits (unlike Bohr model)
Determines the likelihood of finding an electron in
various locations around the nucleus
Electron cloud
ATOMIC ORBITALS
Atomic orbital describes the probability of
finding an electron of a certain energy level
in an area around the nucleus
Represented as a region of space where
the electron is most likely to be found.
Each energy sublevel has a different
probability and shape.
ATOMIC ORBITALS
Different atomic orbitals (energy sublevels) are
denoted by letters
s- lowest energy level; spherical
p- next to lowest energy level; dumbbell shaped
d- cloverleaf shaped or like a dumbbell with a ring
f- more complicated shapes
ATOMIC ORBITALS
5 .2 E L E C T R O N
ARRANGEMENT IN
AT O M S
E L E C T R O N C O N F I G U R AT I O N S
E LE CT RON
CON FIG URATI ON S
Shorthand for writing electron
configurations: write the energy level and
symbol for every sublevel with a superscript
to indicate how many electrons occupy the
sublevel
EG: H is 1s1
Li: 1s22s1
He: 1s2
C: 1s22s22p2
PRACTICE ELECTRON
C O N F I G U R AT I O N S
Write the electron configuration for each
atom.
Carbon
Argon
Nickel
Boron
Silicon
Sulfur
5.3ATOMIC EMISSION
SPECTRA AND THE
QUANTUM MECHANICAL
MODEL
AT O M I C E M I S S I O N S P E C T R A
QUANTUM
MECHANICAL MODEL
Describes motions of subatomic
particles and atoms as waves
Planck Quantization of energy
Explains color change of heated metal
E=h
h=6.626x10^-34 Js
PH O T O E L E C T R IC E F F ECT
Einstein photoelectric effect
Electrons ejected when light
shines on metal
Only high enough energy of light
photons
QUANTUM CONCEPT OF
PHOTONS
Wave Characteristics
Particle Characteristics
WAV E PA RT IC L E D UA LIT Y
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zKdoE1vX7k4
HEISENBERG
UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE
(HUP)
It is impossible to know the velocity (speed)
and position (location) of a particle at the
same time.
Measuring one changes the other.