Life started as a single cell - a fertilized egg cell.

cell divide to
make two cells, these divide to make four, and so on. This is
called cell division. It is how all living things grow.

A fertilized egg cell divides

to make two daughter cells,
which are identical.

These divide to make four identical

cells, which divide again and again to
make a ball cell

Cell Cycle

Stages in growth
& division
G1 Phase
S Phase
G2 Phase
M Phase
Cytokinesis

G1 Phase
First

growth stage
Cell increases in size
Cell prepares to copy its
DNA

Synthesis Phase
Copying

of all of DNAs
instructions
Chromosomes duplicated

G2 Phase
Time

between DNA
synthesis & mitosis
Cell continues growing
Needed proteins produced

M Phase
Cell

growth & protein

production stop
Cells energy used to make
2 daughter cells
Called mitosis or
karyokinesis (nuclear
division)

Cell division by Mitosis

Mitosis is the process of cell growth

Happens in body cells
Life starts as a fertilized egg cell, smaller than a full stop.
This cell divided millions of times by a process called
mitosis, to produce all the cells which make up your body.
2 N (diploid) cells produce more 2 N cells
Daughter cells same as parent
After fertilization cells divide by mitosis
Not all cells divide at the same rate
Stem cells in bone marrow male red blood cells (RBC)
everyday
Nerve and muscle cells lose the ability to divide

How the cell divides by mitosis :

When a cell is ready to divide,

long, thin double threads called
chromosomes appear in its
nucleus (A). In this cell only two
chromosomes are show,
(human cells have 46
chromosomes altogether).
Chromosomes contain
chemicals which control what a
cell does. These chemicals
also contain all the instructions
needed to build a whole new
organism from a single
fertilized egg cell.

Next these double chromosomes become shorter and thicker

and move to the middle (equator) of the cell, where they
become attached to fin, fibres called the spindle (B).

Spindle fiber

Each chromosome then separates into two parts which move

to opposite ends of the cell (c). The two halves am probably
pulled apart by the spindle threads.

The cell then divides, separating the two

groups of chromosomes, which form a
nucleus in each daughter cell (D).

Overall view of Mitosis

The two daughter cells have exactly

the same number of chromosomes as
the parent cell, and their
chromosomes are exact copies of
those in the parent cell.
In scientific terms they are said to be
genetically identical to the parent
cell.
A cell dividing by mitosis.
The deep pink parts are the
chromosomes.

There are two ways in which living things can reproduce; by

asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. In asexual
reproduction there is only one parent, and its young are exact
copies of itself because they have been produced by mitosis.
Single celled creatures, like Amoeba, reproduce asexually by
mitosis to form a genetically identical group called a clone.
Asexual reproduction in plants is called vegetative reproduction.
Plants grow parts by mitosis which break off to become separate
plants. Strawberry runner are an example. They grow buds which
form new plants, and the runners die away.

Cell division by meiosis

Meiosis is the cell division of sex cells

To reproduce sexually organisms must produce sex
cells called gametes. Male animals have gametes
called sperms, made in the testes. Female animals
produce ova (one is an ovum) or eggs, from ovaries.
Flowering plant male gametes are pollen grains
made in anthers. Plant female gametes are ovules
made in ovaries.
Gametes are produced by a kind of cell division
called meiosis. Male and female gametes fuse
together during sexual reproduction to make a
fertilized ovum, called a zygote. This divides millions
of times by mitosis as it grows into an adult.

Overview of Meiosis

Cell division by meiosis

The cells in your body contain 46 chromosomes

but if human gametes had this number, when
they fused together the zygote would have 92,
and this number would double at each
generation. This does not happen because
meiosis makes gametes with only 23
chromosomes, and fertilization makes a zygote
with 46.

As meiosis starts chromosomes become shorter

and thicker and are seen as double threads,
having just made exact copies of themselves.

They form into pairs (A), the

members of which are about
the same and shape. One
member of each pair is a
descendant of one of the 23
chromosomes in the mother's
ovum, and the other descends
from one of the 23
chromosomes in the father's
sperm.

The pairs gather around the equator of the cell

attached to the spindle apparatus (B).

Spindle fibre

The members of each

parts then separate and
move in opposite directions
(c).

followed by each
chromosome splitting into
two (D).

The cell divides into

four new cells (E)
with only half the
number of
chromosomes or
the parent cell.

Meiosis, mitosis, and reproduction

Meiosis errors only in the reproductive organs (testes, anthers

and ovaries) to produce gametes.
Mitosis produces new body cells for growth, and to replace
damaged tissues.
The gametes which meiosis produces have only half the
number of chromosomes of body cells, because they have only
a single set of chromosomes.
In humans this is 23, which is known as the haploid number of
chromosomes.
Fertilization restores the full (double) set of chromosomes
which, in humans, is 46, and this is called the diploid number.
Mitosis produces cells with the same (usually diploid) number of
chromosome.

In humans

At fertilization, 23 chromosomes are donated

by each parent.
(total = 46 or 23 pairs).

Gametes (sperm/ova):

Contain 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome.

Are haploid (haploid number n = 23 in humans).

Fertilization results in diploid zygote.

Diploid cell; 2n = 46. (n = 23 in humans)

Most cells in the body are produced by _________.

Only gametes are produced by _________.

Mitosis

vs.

Meiosis

2n

Clone

Same genetic
information in parent
cell and daughter cell.

Give me another one

just like the other one!

1n
Daughter cells
different from
parent cell and from
each other.
Daughter cells have
the number of
chromosomes as
somatic cell.
Shuffling the genes
(Mix it up!)