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Public Speaking & Critical Reasoning
Public Speaking & Critical Reasoning
SPEAKING &
CRITICAL REASONING
Lecture 2
Tutorial
PO
needed?
Yes
6
}
} 9
}
}
Yes
11
Yes
Yes
X No
2
5 mins
brief
accurate
Acceptance or presentation
give
present
tribute
to person, group,
institution or idea
inspire
audience
increase
No
appreciation
eulogies
brainstorm
& concept-map:
select topic
analyse
audience:
assess familiarity & interest
review
setting/occasion
develop
speech objective
tailored to audience and
setting
Potential topics:
Assess
own knowledge,
experiences & personal
observations
Whats
important/ familiar to
you
To list topics, use:
(1)
brainstorming
(2)
concept mapping
8
Inventory:
hobbies, interests,
skills, beliefs
clustering:
use
books,
articles in periodicals,
statistical sources,
biographies, quotation books
Potential topics:
audience data
subject-related
10
Gather
>Library,
databases:
books, academic journals,
magazines, newspapers
Gather
>Internet:
>Interviews:
Research Process
Evaluate:
skills:
What are the authors
assumptions?
What evidence is presented
to
support the conclusions
drawn?
12
Research:
review
If
avert
13
Research:
Aims:
develop
original approach to
topic:
ensure
increase
likelihood of
uncovering various opinions on
your topic
14
Oral
citation e.g.:
15
Acknowledge sources
Bibliography
e.g.:
17
Speech Body:
strategic order of main points
Chronological:
Speech Body:
strategic order of main points
Spatial
Speech Body:
strategic order of main points
Topical
Speech Body:
strategic order of main points
Problem-solution
Speech Body:
strategic order of main points
Cause-and-effect
22
Speech Body:
strategic order of main points
Narrative
Speech Body
For each distinct main point:
use
balance
gather
supporting materials
24
Speech Body
Does
Do
Do
Will
25
Speech Body
Connectives:
words, phrases/ sentences to connect
your ideas & give coherence:
Internal
preview
Internal
summary
Signpost
Transition
26
Connective e.g.
??
As you can tell, human biological
cell cloning
is a complex and intriguing subject.
Equally intriguing is the potential for
medical research, which I want to
elaborate on .
27
Connective e.g.
??
So the current campaign finance
laws really
do pose a serious problem, because
they encourage legislators to forego
their legislative work to engage in
time-consuming fundraising,
and they lessen public confidence in
governments ability to represent the
interests of ordinary working people.
28
Connective e.g.
??
In discussing how different races or
ethnic groups have been stereotyped
in
local English textbooks used in
Singapore schools, well look first at
the origins of the problem
and second at its continuing impact
today.
29
Connective e.g.
??
I have spoken so far about David
Marshall, Singapores first Chief
Minister,
as a labour leader and radical
politician,
but it was his work as a criminal
lawyer
that truly etched his name into local
history.
30
examples -
testimony -
definitions -
narratives -
31
32
Common Attention-getters
33
Common attention-getters
34
Beginning
35
Ending
36
Ending
provide closure:
reinforce speaker-audience
link
thank audience
37
speaker prompts/
reminders -
use
different colour/font to
distinguish from content:
e.g.:
REPEAT,
SLOW DOWN,
SUMMARISE /
PAUSE
38
Speaking Outline:
helps
helps
legible,
concise
rehearse
39
step in Intro
& closure-developing step in
Conclusion (word for word)
refs
key
reminders
on when to refer to
visual aids
40
submission
(except Impromptu Speech)
Template
Sample:
identifies
puts
(IVLE)
all content for speech
basis
for SO
41
PO
uses
lists
complete sentences
all parts of your speech
includes
all references
plans
42
Important to **rehearse**
divide speech
Self-review TIPS!
45
Self-review TIPS!
5. Replay;
now listen as you view
(5)
Objective:
Speaking rules
Speaking rules
Style vs Substance?
49
50
Guard against
language
homicide:
Use Link correct words
languag with correct
e with grammar
precisio Use sensory
language
n
Language homicide
Do not add unnecessary words
to express idea: e.gs.:
energy documents;
analog temporal displacement
monitor
Language homicide
Avoid clichs & euphemisms:
e.gs.
touch base
downsizing
President Roosevelt to
Congress asking for
declaration of war:
original text: Dec 7th a day
which will go down in history
Dr. ML King:
master of the metaphor
56
58
Antithesis compares by
comparison
Use opposites for emphasis:
Lect_Add: