Dept.

of
Geology

III Stress

BASIC CONCEPTS

Dept. of
Geology

FORCES AND VECTORS

Force is any action which alters, or tends to alter
Newton II law of motion :
F=Ma
Unit force : kgm/s2 = newton (N) or dyne = gram cm/s2; N = 105 dynes
(a). Force: vector quantity with magnitude and direction
(b). Resolving by the parallelogram of forces

Two Types of Force

Body Forces (i.e. gravitational force)
Contact Forces (i.e. loading)

Modified Price and Cosgrove (1990)

III Stress

Force Equilibrium

Dept. of
Geology

(A) Balance
(B) Torque
(C) Static Equilibrium
(D) Dynamic Equilibrium

(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

III Stress

Dept. of
Geology

STRESS
Stress defined as force per unit area:

= F/A

A = area, Stress units = Psi, Newton (N),

Pascal (Pa) or bar (105 Pa)

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

III Stress

Dept. of
Geology

Normal stress ( N)

Sh
ear

(+) Compressive

Str

ess

Stress ()

Stress at a point in 2D
Types of stress

No
rm
al S
tre
ss
(

STRESS

(
s)

(-) Tensile

Shear stress ( S)

(+)

(-)
III Stress

STRESS on PLANE

Dept. of
Geology

Coordinate System
III Stress

Dept. of
Geology

Stress Ellipsoid

a) Triaxial stress
b) Principal planes of
the ellipsoid

(Modified from Means, 1976)

III Stress

Dept. of
Geology
z

The State of
Two-Dimensional
Stress at Point

A. Stress elipse

X3

X1

Principal Stress:

B. Principal stress components

(top)
zz

(lft)
xz

x, z = Surface Stress

(top)
z
(rt)
x

(top)
zx
(lft)
xx

Principal coordinate
axes and planes

dz
dx

(rt)
xz

(rt)
xx

(bot)
zx

(lft)
x
(bot)
z

(bot)
zz

Arbitrary coordinate
axes and planes

C. General stress components

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

III Stress

Dept. of
Geology

The State of
3-Dimensional
Stress at Point
A. Stress elipsoid

x1

Principal Stress:
1

x3

Principal
coordinate planes
z

Stress Tensor Notation

11 12 13

y
x2

x
B. Principal stress components

Arbitrary
coordinate planes

zy
xy

xz

zx
yx
yz

yy

21 22 23
31 32 33

12 = 21, 13 = 31, 23 = 32

zz

xx

x
x
C. General stress components

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

III Stress

Dept. of
Geology

Geologic Sign
Convention of
Stress Tensor
(Twiss and Moores, 1992)
III Stress

Dept. of
Geology

Mohr Diagram 2-D

A. Physical Diagram

A. Mohr Diagram

x
n

n(p)

(p)

s(p)

sin
2

(p)
(p)
n , s

(p)
n

Plane P

2

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

2

cos
2

III Stress

Dept. of
Geology

Mohr Diagram 2-D

A. Physical Diagram
s

x1

n'

B. Mohr Diagram

(p')
(p')
n , s

p'
p

x3

(p)
(p)
n , s

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

III Stress

Dept. of
Geology

Mohr Diagram 2-D

A. Physical Diagram
x
)

B. Mohr Diagram

x1

xx
xz

xx' xz

zz

z x

zz' zx

xz

xx z z

xxzz
2
(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

III Stress

Dept. of
Geology

Mohr Diagram 2-D

Planes of maximum shear stress
A. Physical Diagram

x
= +45
n

Planes of maximum
shear stress

Counterclockwise
shear stress

s max

' = +45
n

B. Mohr Diagram

Counter clockwise

Clockwise
shear stress

'

s max
Clockwise

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

III Stress

Mohr Diagram 3-D

Dept. of
Geology

Geometry of a three-dimensional
Stress on a Mohr diagram

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

III Stress

Mohr Diagram 3-D

Dept. of
Geology

Maximum Shear Stress

(Twiss and Moores, 1992)

III Stress

FUNDAMENTAL STRESS EQUATIONS

Dept. of
Geology

Principal Stress:
1
All stress axes are mutually perpendicular
Shear stress are zero in the direction of
principal stress

1 + 3 1 3
+
N =
cos 2
2
2
s =

1 3
2

Sin 2

Stress Ellipsoid
III Stress

Dept. of
Geology

(Davis and Reynolds, 1996)

Mohr diagram is a graphical representative of state of stress

Mean stress is hydrostatic component which tends to produce dilation
Deviatoric stress is non hydrostatic which tends to produce distortion
Differential stress, if greater is potential for distortion
III Stress

Dept. of
Geology

Image of Stress
s

A. Hydrostatic stress

-a

B. Uniaxial compression

C. Uniaxial tension

D. Axial or confined
compression

E. Axial extension or
extensional stress

F. Triaxial stress

III Stress

Dept. of
Geology

Image of Stress
s

Deviatoric

Applied

G. Pure shear stress

-a

H. Deviatoric stress
(two-dimensional)

Effective

Applied

pf

I. Differential stress
(Three examples)

J. Effective stress

0 0

p f
0
0
0 p f
0
0 E 0 =
0 0 E
0
0 p f

III Stress

STRESS

Dept. of
Geology

Body force works from distance and depends on the amount of materials
affected (i.e. gravitational force).
Surface force are classes as compressive or tensile according to the
distortion they produce.
Stress is defined as force per unit area.
Stress at the point can be divided as normal and shear component
depending they direction relative to the plane.
Structural geology assumed that force at point are isotropic and
homogenous
Stress vector around a point in 3-D as stress ellipsoid which have three
orthogonal principal directions of stress and three principal planes.
Principal stress 1> 2> 3
The inequant shape of the ellipsoid has to do with forces in rock and has
nothing directly to do with distortions.
Mohr diagram is a graphical representative of state of stress of rock
III Stress

STRESS vs. STRAIN

Dept. of
Geology

III Stress

Dept. of
Geology

Relationship Between Stress and Strain

Evaluate Using Experiment of Rock

Deformation
Rheology of The Rocks
Using Triaxial Deformation Apparatus
Measuring Shortening
Measuring Strain Rate
Strength and Ductility

III Stress

Dept. of
Geology

Stress Strain Diagram

400

Yield Strength
After Strain
Hardening

Differential Stress (in MPa)

C
300

Yield
Strength

Ultimate
Strength

A
Rep ture
Strength

200

100

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

3
4
Strain (in %)

Onset plastic deformation

Removal axial load
Permanently strained
Plastic deformation
Rupture
III Stress

Dept. of
Geology

Effects of Temperature and Differential Stress

2000

Differential Stress, MPa

30 0

140

25C
Differential Stress (in MPa)

130

80
70
60

20 0

40
20

10 0

Crown Point Limestone

10

Strain, percent

12

14

1500

300C
1000

500C
500

700C
800C

16

10

15

Strain (in %)

III Stress

Deformation and Material

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Hookes Law: e = /E, E = Modulus Young or elasticity
Newtonian : = viscosity, = strain-rate

Dept. of
Geology

Elastic strain
Viscous strain
Viscoelastic strain
Elastoviscous
Plastic strain
(Modified from Park, 1989)

III Stress

Dept. of
Geology

Effect increasing stress to strain-rate

(Modified from Park, 1989)

III Stress

Dept. of
Geology

Stress

Strain

III Stress

Dept. of
Geology

Limitation of The Concept of Stress in Structural Geology

No quantitative relationship between

stress and permanent strain
Paleostress determination contain
errors
No implication equation relating
stress to strain rate that causes the
deformation

III Stress