Chapter 2

Introduction of
materials

Chapter 2 Introduction of
materials

Definition--- what is materials chemistry?

Definition---what is material?
Classification of materials
Structure of materials
Properties of materials
Materials Research: Today and future

Definition---what is materials
chemistry?

"Materials Chemistry" can be defined as

the branch of chemistry aimed at the
preparation,
characterization,
and
understanding of materials/substances
that have some specific useful function (or
potentially useful function).

Materials Chemistry involves 4 primary

components:

preparation/synthesis "How are materials made?"

structure "How are they put together"
characterization "How do they behave?"
applications "What are they good for?".

the Materials chemistry program also serves as a bridge

between chemistry and the engineering and life
sciences.

Definition---what is material?

The term material may be broadly defined

as any solid-state component or device
that may be used to address a
current or future societal need.

Classification of materials
materials

Classification of materials

materials

metals
Nonmetals---glasses and ceramics
Soft materials---polymers
composites

Advanced materials

semiconductors
superconductors
biomaterials
Nano materials
ooo

Structure of materials

It should be clear that all matter is made of

?

As we know, there are about 100 different

kinds of atoms listed in the
?

The properties of matter depend on which

atoms are used and how they are
together.

Noble Gas
Halogen
Chalcogen

transition Metal

Alkali Metal

Alkali Earth Metal

No common
names

Structure of materials
The great variety of substances results
not from a great variety of atoms but
from the many ways a few kinds of
atoms can be combined or bonded.
Chemical bonds

Chemical bonds

All chemical bonds involve electrons.

If an atom has only a few electrons in the

outermost electron shell, it will tend to lose
them to empty the shell. These elements are
metals.

Nonmetals: the atoms which have a nearly

full electron shell, will try to find electrons
from another atom to fill its outer shell.

dipole-dipole
Structure of materials

Metallic bonding

Covalent bonding

Ionic bonding

Hydrogen bonding

attraction
between hydrogen and
electronegative atom, usually
nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine

Electron cloud between the

crystalline structure of metals.
attraction between cation and
anion
Nonmetal atoms share two or
more electrons

Review

amorphous
crystalline
transition metal
halogen
noble/inert gas
alkali earth metal
metalloid
dipole

Structure of materials

Properties of materials

Some common features of materials:

Nonmetal Materials ionic and covalent

bonds

Metallic Materials

Polymers

metallic bonds

covalent and vander-waals bonds

Hard, thermal stable,

from insulator to
conductor, brittle,
transparent

Good electrical and

thermal conductors,
high toughness, opaque,
good ductility
Soft, light, easy
processing, good
insulators

Properties of Materials

All materials have their own properties or

characteristics, these properties may be arranged into
major groups which includes: physical properties,
chemical properties, mechanical properties, thermal
properties, electrical and magnetic properties,
optical properties, acoustical insulation properties.

Properties of materials

Physical properties are those that can be observed

without changing the identity of the substance. The
general properties of matter such as color, density,
hardness, are examples of physical properties.

Properties that describe how a substance changes

into a completely different substance are called
chemical
properties.
Flammability
and
corrosion/oxidation resistance are examples of
chemical properties.

e
p
o
Properties of materials
r
p
l
a
chanic
me

The mechanical properties of materials determine

the range of usefulness of a material and establish
the service life that can be expected.

The mechanical behavior of a material reflects the

relationship between its response or deformation to
an applied load or force.

Mechanical properties are also used to help classify

and identify materials.

Important mechanical properties are strength

, hardness , ductility , and toughness
.

Strength

Loading

The application of a force to an object is known as

loading.
There are five fundamental
loading conditions:

tension
compression
bend
shear
torsion

If a material is subjected to a constant force, it is called

static loading. If the loading is not constant be instead
fluctuates, it is called dynamic or cyclic loading.

Strength

tensile strength

compressive strength

shear strength
fatigue strength

How to evaluate the

strength of a material?

Stress ( )and strain

( )

A material tends to change or changes its

dimensions when it is loaded, depending
upon the magnitude of the load.

Stress ( ) vs. strain ( )

The loading applied to a certain cross-sectional
area ( ) of an object is known as stress.
When a material is loaded with a force, it
produces a stress, which then courses a material
to deform.
Strain is the response of a material to an applied
stress.

Stress ( )and strain ( )

Tension test

Compression test

This is a curve plotted

between the stress along
the Y-axis (ordinate) and
the strain along the Xaxis (abscissa [b'sis] )
in a tensile test.
Example: tension test

stress

Stress - strain curve ( - )

strain

Tensile properties

If the stress is small, the material may

only strain a small amount and the
material will return to its original size
after the stress is released. This is
called elastic deformation (
).
Elastic deformation only occurs in a
material when stresses are lower than
a critical stress called the yield
strength ( ).
If a material is loaded beyond the elastic limit, the material
will remain in a deformed condition after the load is
removed. This is called plastic deformation ( ).

Tensile properties include:

Modulus of elasticity
Elastic limit
Elongation at break
Tensile strength
Yield point
Yield strength

Ductility
: Ability of a
material to
deform under
tensile load (%
elongation)

Hardness

Hardness
Hardness is the resistance of a material to
localized deformation.

In metals, ceramics and most of polymers, the

In several popular hardness-testing techniques
deformation considered is plastic deformation of
a small indenter is forced into the surface of the
the surface.
material, and an index number is determined on
the
Forbasis
elastomers
and or
some
polymers,
hardness
of the size
depth
of the resulting
is defined as the resistance
to elastic deformation
indentation.
of the surface.

Toughness

Toughness

Toughness is the ability of a

material to absorb energy
and plastically deform
without fracturing.
The area covered under
stress strain curve is called
toughness.

stress

strain

Toughness can be determined by measuring the area

underneath the stress-strain curve.

materials
Metallic Materials

Nonmetal Materials

Polymers

mechanical properties

high strength at high

temperatures and
brittleness
flexibility and elasticity

High strength at room

temperatures and
plasticity

Application of materials

Structural applications
Electronic applications
Thermal applications
Electrochemical applications
Environmental applications
Biomedical applications

Materials Research: Today

and future

Energy storage materials

Transportation and materials
Sustainable construction materials (housing)
Packaging materials/recycling

Energy storage materials

Solar power will certainly be an important resource.

We will see future material developments in
nanostructured materials, advanced catalysts with
more accessible surface area, nanostructured catalyst
supports, and membranes. Light-emitting diodes with
enhanced quantum efficiency for lighting devices will
also play an important role.

Hydrogen storage is another serious issue, and

advanced materials will be developed to safely store
hydrogen and also to have the ability to release the
hydrogen when needed. Nanostructured materials and
novel hydrides will be up to this.

Transportation and materials

Lightweight structural materials, specifically alloy

development and processing, will be the focus of
future materials (i. e., foamed structures, magnesiumbased components, and advanced aluminum alloys) .
Strong and lightweight materials, sustainability, and
material recyclability will be some of the major
factors influencing the development of future
materials for our transportation needs, including, of
course, the future material developments discussed
previously for energy usage.

Sustainable construction
materials (housing)

Novel construction materials which are sustainable, green, and

energy efficient will be developed.
In the future we will see more energy-efficient homes that use
intelligent materials and intelligent design.
Temperature-equalizing house uses the materials containing
microcapsulated paraffin. When summer temperatures inside
the building rise above 24 oC, the encapsulated paraffin in the
wall begins to melt. This draw off the heat in the room,
preventing the indoor temperature from rising. At night when
the temperature falls, the paraffin solidifies and releases the
stored heat. The impact on energy savings, reduction of
pollutions, etc. is significant.

Packaging
Future world needs will require
materials/recycling
recyclable or biodegradable.

materials that are

Novel natural plastics that are biodegradable will be

used for packaging applications; these materials are
made by fermentation of plant sugars and oils using
microbes.

Recycling of metals will be a critical technology in

the world of tomorrow. Recycling 1kg of aluminum
saves up to 6kg of bauxite, 4kg of chemical products,
and 14 kW of electricity.

Tomorrow's
materials:
lighter, tougher,
faster, smarter!

Summary

Definition--- what is materials chemistry?

Definition---what is material?
Classification of materials
Structure of materials
Properties of materials
Materials Research: Today and future

Materials in this group are composed of one or more metallic

elements (such as iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and
nickel), and often also nonmetallic elements (for example,
carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) in relatively small amounts.
Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly
manner, and in comparison to the ceramics and polymer, are
relatively dense. With regard to mechanical characteristics,
these materials are relatively stiff and strong, yet are ductile (i.
e., capable of large amounts of deformation without fracture),
and are resistant to fracture, which accounts for their
widespread use in structural applications. Metallic materials
have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons that is, these
electrons are not bound to particular atoms. Many properties
of metals are directly attributable to these electrons. For
example, metals are extremely good conductors of electricity
and heat, and are not transparent to visible light; a polished
metal surface has a lustrous appearance. In addition, some of
the metals (viz., Fe, Co, and Ni) have desirable magnetic
properties.

Materials in this group are composed of one or more metallic

elements (such as iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and
nickel), and often also nonmetallic elements (for example,
carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) in relatively small amounts.
Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly
manner, and in comparison to the ceramics and polymer, are
relatively dense. With regard to mechanical characteristics,
these materials are relatively stiff and strong, yet are ductile (i.
e., capable of large amounts of deformation without fracture),
and are resistant to fracture, which accounts for their
widespread use in structural applications. Metallic materials
have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons that is, these
electrons are not bound to particular atoms. Many properties
of metals are directly attributable to these electrons. For
example, metals are extremely good conductors of electricity
and heat, and are not transparent to visible light; a polished
metal surface has a lustrous appearance. In addition, some of
the metals (viz., Fe, Co, and Ni) have desirable magnetic
properties.

Materials in this group are composed of one or more metallic

elements (such as iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and
nickel), and often also nonmetallic elements (for example,
carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) in relatively small amounts.
Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly
manner, and in comparison to the ceramics and polymer, are
relatively dense. With regard to mechanical characteristics,
these materials are relatively stiff and strong, yet are ductile (i.
e., capable of large amounts of deformation without fracture),
and are resistant to fracture, which accounts for their
widespread use in structural applications. Metallic materials
have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons that is, these
electrons are not bound to particular atoms. Many properties
of metals are directly attributable to these electrons. For
example, metals are extremely good conductors of electricity
and heat, and are not transparent to visible light; a polished
metal surface has a lustrous appearance. In addition, some of
the metals (viz., Fe, Co, and Ni) have desirable magnetic
properties.

Materials in this group are composed of one or more metallic

elements (such as iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and
nickel), and often also nonmetallic elements (for example,
carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) in relatively small amounts.
Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly
manner, and in comparison to the ceramics and polymer, are
relatively dense. With regard to mechanical characteristics,
these materials are relatively stiff and strong, yet are ductile (i.
e., capable of large amounts of deformation without fracture),
and are resistant to fracture, which accounts for their
widespread use in structural applications. Metallic materials
have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons that is, these
electrons are not bound to particular atoms. Many properties
of metals are directly attributable to these electrons. For
example, metals are extremely good conductors of electricity
and heat, and are not transparent to visible light; a polished
metal surface has a lustrous appearance. In addition, some of
the metals (viz., Fe, Co, and Ni) have desirable magnetic
properties.

Materials in this group are composed of one or more metallic

elements (such as iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and
nickel), and often also nonmetallic elements (for example,
carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) in relatively small amounts.
Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly
manner, and in comparison to the ceramics and polymer, are
relatively dense. With regard to mechanical characteristics,
these materials are relatively stiff and strong, yet are ductile (i.
e., capable of large amounts of deformation without fracture),
and are resistant to fracture, which accounts for their
widespread use in structural applications. Metallic materials
have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons that is, these
electrons are not bound to particular atoms. Many properties
of metals are directly attributable to these electrons. For
example, metals are extremely good conductors of electricity
and heat, and are not transparent to visible light; a polished
metal surface has a lustrous appearance. In addition, some of
the metals (viz., Fe, Co, and Ni) have desirable magnetic
properties.

Materials in this group are composed of one or more metallic

elements (such as iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and
nickel), and often also nonmetallic elements (for example,
carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) in relatively small amounts.
Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly
manner, and in comparison to the ceramics and polymer, are
relatively dense. With regard to mechanical characteristics,
these materials are relatively stiff and strong, yet are ductile (i.
e., capable of large amounts of deformation without fracture),
and are resistant to fracture, which accounts for their
widespread use in structural applications. Metallic materials
have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons that is, these
electrons are not bound to particular atoms. Many properties
of metals are directly attributable to these electrons. For
example, metals are extremely good conductors of electricity
and heat, and are not transparent to visible light; a polished
metal surface has a lustrous appearance. In addition, some of
the metals (viz., Fe, Co, and Ni) have desirable magnetic
properties.