An overview of PPR

Sero-monitoring
results 2004-2006 c-
ELISA in Nepal

Dr. Kedar Karki M.V.S. Preventive

Vet. Medicine.
Central Vet. Laboratory Kathmandu
Nepal
Introduction

 Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an

acute febrile viral disease of goats and
sheep. Clinical symptoms include
mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharge,
stomatitis, enteritis and pneumonia .The
disease is caused by
PPR virus (PPRV), a RNA Virus virus
belonging to the genus Morbillivirus and
family Paramyxoviridae
Introduction

 Peste des Petits ruminants has been

reported in various parts of Asia and
Africa. In India, although PPR was
believed to have been present in southern
India prior to the late 1980s ,the disease
was not officially recorded in this region
until 1987.
Introduction

 The disease has also been

described in parts of northern India
Presently, PPR outbreaks are reported
regularly and the disease is considered to
be endemic throughout India.
 In Nepal this disease is being reported
since 1998 regularly from district of tarai
and midhill.
PPR - Dried exudate on the
muzzle and around the eye
resulting from rhinitis and
conjunctivitis.
PPR - Necrosis (whitish areas) of
the epithelium on the tongue
and pharynx.
diarrhea often watery and dark
green (almost black) in color.
Clinical Diagnosis

 Clinical
 PPR should be considered in any acutely
febrile, highly contagious disease with oral
erosions and GI signs
Differential Diagnosis
 Rinderpest

 Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia

 Bluetongue

 Pasteurellosis

 Contagious ecthyma
Differential Diagnosis
 Foot and mouth disease

 Heart water

 Coccidiosis

 Nairobi sheep disease

 Mineral poisoning
Diagnosis/Samples

 Swabs of conjunctival, nasal, buccal and rectal

discharges

 Whole blood collected on heparin Lymph nodes,

especially mesenteric and bronchial nodes
 Serum

 Spleen

 Large intestine and lungs

Samples

 Transport under refrigeration

Disease transmission: animal
movements and climatic factors

 The majority (78.2%) of farmers in Nepal

have small and marginal land holdings .
 Small ruminants are farmed on free range
pastureland, shrubs and forest cover.
Disease transmission: animal
movements and
climatic factors
 ongoing decrease in available pastureland
and forest area, these animals will often
travel long distances during the dry season in
search of fodder and water
Disease transmission: animal
movements and Climatic factors

 Migratory animals have been observed

in the sub-Himalayan region as well as
in dry land areas such as the Tarai
Disease transmission: animal
movements and climatic factors

 The migration of animals from low

altitude
pasture land in the winter to high
altitude pasture land in the summer is
common in the sub-Himalayan region
Disease transmission: animal
movements and climatic factors

 PPRV is transmitted through direct

contact between infected and
susceptible animals and nomadic
animals will often come into
contact with local sheep and goat
populations from whom they may
contract the virus
Disease transmission: animal
movements and climatic factors

 Likewise, infected migratory animals

may
transmit the virus to susceptible local
sheep and goats. The movement of
animals, therefore, plays an important
role in the transmission and
maintenance of PPRV in nature
Disease transmission: animal
movements and
climatic factors
 The migration of animals in search
of food during the hot dry summer
when fodder is scarce may be one
of the reasons for the higher
frequency of PPR outbreaks
between the months of March and
June
Disease transmission: animal
movements and climatic factors

 Consequently, large numbers of

animals become infected during
this period and these animals then
help to maintain
the circulation of the virus
throughout the year by frequent
animal to animal transmission
Disease transmission: animal
movements and climatic factors

 Climatic factors favorable for the

survival and spread of the virus
may also contribute to the
seasonal distribution of PPR
outbreaks
Disease transmission: animal
movements and
climatic factors
 Withthe start of the rainy
season (between June/July and
August/September) the
migratory activity of animals is
reduced due to the increased
availability of local fodder.
Materials and methods

 ThePPR outbreaks Sero-

monetoring investigated in the
present study were recorded
from various parts of Nepal
between 2004 and 2006.
Serum samples for the detection
of antibody to peste des petits
ruminants virus
 The serum samples used in
the present investigation
were either collected for PPR
sero-surveillance as part of
the National Project on PPR
control programme.
Competitive enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay
 A MAb-based competitive ELISA was used for the
detection of antibodies to PPRV .This test was
developed using a virus neutralizing MAb directed
against an epitope of the haemagglutinin protein
specific to PPRV.
 The competitive ELISA used in the present
investigation had high diagnostic specificity (99.8%)
and sensitivity (90.5%) for the detection of PPRV
antibody in convalescent sera when compared with
the gold standard VNT .All serum samples tested in
the present study were processed in duplicate as per
the standard protocol.
Outbreaks of PPR 2004-2006

Outbreak Affected no. Dead no Vaccinated Treated no

no
no.

2004 12(27 210 35 1022720 91

district)

2005 56(39 4631 1458 663447 2464

district)
2006 243(45 6798 1506 589572 5288
district)
PPR Sero-monitoring results
C-ELISA.CVL
F/Y Total Total %
tested positive positive
058-059 9721 8184 84%
057-058 1460 530 49%
059-060 585 482 82%
060-061 7337 5794 79%
061-062 20879 13935 67%
O62-063 2484 977 39.33%
Discussion

 Several PPR outbreaks go unrecorded in

Nepal due to inadequate animal disease
reporting and surveillance
systems.
 The majority of PPR outbreaks in the past
have been diagnosed based on clinical
signs.
Discussion

 An extensive clinical survey of PPRV

infection has been difficult up to this point
in time because the diagnostic tests that
were available for the detection of PPRV
were not commonly implemented,
possibly because the endemic nature of
the disease was not known
Discussion

 The development of a MAb-based

sandwich ELISA kit (for PPRV antigen
detection) and a competitive ELISA kit (for
PPRV antibody detection), has greatly
facilitated the diagnosis of PPRV
Discussion

 these diagnostic tests will aid in tracking

PPR outbreaks in different geographical
regions, measuring economic losses
resulting from PPRV infection, and
studying the epidemiology of the disease
in susceptible populations.
Discussion

 Measurement of the prevalence of

antibodies to PPRV in different regions of
the country with varying agro-climatic
conditions may be helpful in identifying
appropriate disease control strategies
such as the use of the live attenuated
homologous PPR vaccine recently
developed.