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9 Classification and Systematics R
9 Classification and Systematics R
Classification and
Systematics
Nomenclature
Nomenclature
is the
science of giving things
names.
To provide each species
with a unique name,
thereby permitting easy
and effective
communication about
organisms.
The confusion and
misunderstandings that
would arise if several
organisms shared the
same name must be
avoided
Nomenclature history
This wall painting shows an Egyptian garden about 1400 B.C., but
extensive collecting, cultivation, and classification occurred long
before this. Grave inscriptions from 3000 B.C. show that this basic
garden pattern had been developed 5000 years ago. Ancient records
list cultivated and collected plants, some used for food or medicine,
others for beauty and fragrances. Shown here are date palms,
Taxonomy and
systematics
Taxonomy
sama, atau
2. mereka telah mengalami evolusi konvergen
(proses organisme tidak berhubungan, dan
mengalami evolusi ciri yang mirip sebagai hasil
beradaptasi dengan lingkungan)
a natural system of
classification, a system in which
closely related organisms are
classified together, and
assigning plant names on the basis
of evolutionary
Taxonomists,
scientistsrelationships
who specialize in
classification and naming, immediately realized
that the most scientifically valid system of
assigning names to species would be one that
reflected evolutionary relationships
Tugas taksonomis
Menemukan
dan
mengidentifikasi spesies baru
dan memberikan mereka
nama yang unik.
Setiap spesies baru yang
teridentifikasi harus dipelajari
untuk menentukan kedekatan
hubungan nya dengan
spesies lain, sehingga genus
yang benar dan nama
keluarga dapat diberikan
Types of Classification
Systems
1.
2.
3.
Keunggulan masing-masing
sistem
Sistem
Key terms
Binomial system
Botanical
nomenclature
Cultivar
Genus
Hierarchy
Latin
Species
Taxonomists
taxonomy
Plant Hierarchy
Kingdom
Division
Classes
Orders
Families
Genera
Species
Classes
Binomial system
Linnaeus
Responsible for binomial system of
nomenclature
Plant names always written in Latin
All scientific names and terms are Latin or Greek
derived
Not a dead language, just recognized globally
organisms
Binomial system
Genus
In the scientific name, the first name is
the genus
All plants in the same genus have the
same type of reproductive structures
The genus is always capitalized
Examples of genera
Cornus dogwood Acer - maple
Quercus oak
Ilex holly
Magnolia - magnolia
Species
The
Which is a mango?
Vs.
Capsicum annuum
Mangifera indica
Why Latin?
Descriptive
Universal
change
Common names are misleading
Green Bell pepper
Mango
may have
varieties
Resemble other, but 1 or 2
differences
EX: peach tree- prunus
persica
nectarine- prunus
cultivated variety
rubrum
Cultivars are Red Sunset &
Autumn Flame
acer (maple),
chrysanthemum (mum),
dianthus (pink), hibiscus
(mallow), pelargonium
name- important
info,
Colors- betula luteayellow birch
Betula alba white birch
Quercus rubra- red oak
Juglans nigra- black walnut
Species-Color
lutea
alba
ruba
nigra
or erect:
arbutus
Geographical
info:
anemones
Taxus canadensis- Canadian
Growth Habit
Growth Habithorizontalis
Growth Habit
Species- location
Contoh
> Nama tempat/pulau:
- Shorea javanica
- Aleurites moluccana
- Diospyros celebica
- Agathis borneensis
Sifat morfologi :
- Diospyros cauliflora
- Mallotus
oblongifolia
- Casuarina equisetifolia - Acacia auriculiformis
Macro-large
Micro- small
Macrophylla- large leaves
Microphylla- small leaves
Philadelphus microphyllus-
Spesies
(Levels of Taxonomic
Categories)
Spesies
Spesies
(Levels of Taxonomic
Categories)
Kedua
Genus/Genera
(Levels of
Taxonomic Categories)
Closely
Genus/Genera
(Levels of
Taxonomic Categories)
Some
taxonomists, generally
referred to as "lumpers," believe that
even relatively distantly related
species should be grouped together
in large genera.
Other taxonomists, called "splitters,"
prefer to have many small genera,
each containing only a few species
that are extremely closely related
Genus/Genera
(Levels of
Taxonomic Categories)
some
cultivar:
CULtivated
VARiety = cultivar
Selected for desired characteristics
Traits maintained by propagation
techniques
3rd part of a scientific name
Common language, ex: King
Edward
Surrounded by single quotes
Variety:
appearance
varieties
Hybridize (crossbreed) freely with
other varieties
varieties will be geographically
separate from each other.
a cultivated species that maintains
its variety when propagated
Hybridization Example:
X
Levels of Taxonomic
Categories
Plants
Plant Families
Family
(Levels of Taxonomic
Categories)
Each
Family
(Levels of Taxonomic
Categories)
A
Fami
ly
In
this hypothetical evolutionary history, two lines diverged long ago, then many
of the early species became extinct (lines marked with x), and only some
continued on, speciating into two separate families. In family 1 all extant species
have at least six speciation events in their history since the latest common
ancestor shared with family 2. Family 2 has undergone slightly more rapid
evolution: The minimum number of branch points is seven, and two species have
eight. Thus, since these two lines of evolution diverged, many changes have
occurred in each, so they are quite distinct. In reality, there are about 400,000
species of vascular plants with unknown hundreds of thousands or millions of
extinct species, so the true phylogeny is gigantic. The latest common ancestor
for vascular plants probably occurred about 420 million years ago
Family
Common
characteristics
Seed pods
Flower structure
Examples
Tube
Corolla
Disk
Ray
of flower shapes
Plant Families
Related
genera
(pl. genus) with
similar flower
structures are
grouped
together into
major units
known as
families Roseaceae
Plant Families
Simple
flower- separated
flowers
Rose- pistil, stamen, petal,
sepal
Rosaceae genera- prunus
(plum) , fragaria (strawberry),
rubus (bramble), and malus
(apple)
Plant Families
Tube
Plant Families
Composite
flower- two
kinds of flowers packed
together to form a single
head or flower. Outer
flowers (ray flowers) have
large or small petals, inner
flowers (disk flowers)
Plant Families
Composite
Plant Families
Other families:
Brassicaceae (cabbage)
Apiaceae (carrot or
umbellifer)
Papaveraceae (poppy)
Liliaceae (lily)
Poaceae (grass)
The names of
classification level
Except
The names of
classification level
Genera
apakah kesamaan
karena homologi
(keturunan
bersama) atau
analogi (evolusi
konvergen) bisa
menjadi sangat
sulit
Anggota
Evolusi konvergen
Penyebab
Evolusi konvergen
Contoh
Kasus Duri..
Duri
Semak
Mempelajari
Cell
At
The
DNA
DNA
DNA
Chloroplast
prokaryote into a
eukaryote
The
early eukaryotes
Organisms
Numenclature
Frequently,
This
Plant Divisions
The
Thallophytes
No
Bryophytes
Lack
CIRI-CIRI LUMUT
Berklorofil, belum memiliki (floem, xilem)
Tumbuh di tempat yang lembab
Belum dapat dibedakan antara akar,
batang, dan daun
Peralihan antara tumbuhan Thallophyta
dan Cormophyta
Autotrof
Reproduksi sexual dan asexual
Sebagian lumut tubuhnya berupa talus
(lembaran)
Sebagian lagi telah memiliki organ mirip
akar (rizoid), batang, dan daun.
LUMUT
Tubuh lumut dibedakan
menjadi 2, yaitu
1. Sporofit : tubuh
penghasil spora
2. Gametofit: tubuh
penghasil gamet (sel
kelamin: sperma &
ovum)
Oleh karena itulah
lumut disebut
mengalai metagenesis
(pergiliran keturunan)
Reproduksi lumut
Asexual
Lumut daun
Lumut hati
Lumut Hati
Lumut tanduk
MANFAAT LUMUT
Marchantia
Pteriophytes (Tumbuhan
Berpembuluh tanpa biji (B1))
Non-seed vascular plants
These plants reproduce through
Pteriophytes (Tracheophyta)
characteristics
Berkembang
Spora
Struktur Tubuh:
AKAR
REPRODUKSI:
ASEKSUAL
SEKSUAL
: Spora
: Fertilisasi
METAGENESIS:
SPOROFIT
: Tumbuhan paku
(dominan)
GAMETOFIT : Protalium
Sporofil
Tropofil
Spora
Paku
PERAN
Tanaman
Spermatophytes
The
Spermatophyta (Tumbuhan
berpembuluh biji (B2))
Berkembang
Spermatophyta sub
division
(Tumbuhan Berbiji)
(Biji Terbuka)
(Biji Tertutup)
(Mlinjo)
(Pakis)
(Pinus)
Gymnospermae (Berbiji
terbuka)
Berkembang
Contoh: Pakishaji
Class:
Contoh: Pakishaji
Male
Contoh: Ginkobiloba
Contoh: Class
gnetopsida
Gnetum
gnemon
L
Strobilus / Runjung
(Bunga)
Conifer/pinus
Angiospermae (Berbiji
tertutup)
Berkembang
An example: a
numenclature
An example: a
numenclature
An example: a
numenclature
Summary
One
Summary
Closely
Summary
Analogous
Terima kasih