Separating the

components of a mixture

Separating Components from

Liquid Mixtures
Method

When to Apply

Example

Distillation

When liquids are miscible and their

boiling point differ by a wide margin

Acetone (56C)
and water

Fractional
Distillation

When liquid are miscible and their

boiling point differ by less than 25 K

Components of
petroleum

Separating When liquids are immiscible

funnel
Principle: immiscible liquid separate
out in layers depending on their
densities

Oil and water

Miscible: mix with one another

Immiscible: do not mix with one another
Difference between distillation and fractional distillation:
Fractional distillation has a fractionating column fitted in between the
distillation flask and the condenser.

Separating Components from

Solid-Liquid Mixtures
Method

When to Apply

Example

Centrifugation

When the mixture is homogeneous

and one of the constituent is heavy.
Principle: denser particle are forced
to the bottom and lighter particle stay
on top when spun rapidly

Milk and cream

Filtration

When one of the constituents dissolve

in the solvent.

Tea, muddy water,

Evaporation

When the solid present in the liquid is

non-volatile

Obtaining
--dye from ink;
--Sulphur dissolved
in carbon
disulphide

Chromatography When the constituents are soluble in

the same solvent.
Principle: The coloured component
more soluble in water rises faster and
the colours get separated.

Components of ink
https://www.youtu
be.com/watch?v=ZC
zgQXGz9Tg

Crystallization

Obtain pure copper

sulphate

When we need pure solids.

Separating Components from

Solid Mixtures
Method

When to Apply

Example

Hand picking

Constituents of the mixture are

bigger in size

Stones in rice

Sieving

When the size of the

constituent are different and
not distinctly visible

Husk and rice

Magnetic
separation

When one of the constituent is

attracted by magnet

Iron and sand

Sublimation

When one of the constituent

sublime on heating

Ammonium
chloride and salt

Change?
List few changes
Facts:

Inter-conversion of state (say water)

Water and cooking oil differs
Burning is a chemical change

Ask the following question to know whether

the change is physical or chemical
Is there a new
substance formed?

Is there a change
in chemical
composition?

Physical change

Chemical change

It brings about changes in

the chemical properties
such as rusting of iron

There is always a change

in chemical composition of
the substance. Iron and
rust has different
composition

A new substance is always

formed

Chemical change is
permanent and hence
irreversible

It bring about changes in

physical properties such as
state, shape and size.
There is no change in the
chemical composition
during physical change

No new substances is
formed in a physical
change
Physical change is
temporary and in many
cases be reversible

Physical change / Chemical change?

Cutting of trees
Melting of butter in a pan
Rusting of almirah
Boiling of water to form steam
Electrolysis of water
Dissolving common salt in water
Making fruit salad
Burning paper or wood

Examples

Cutting of trees (physical change)

Melting of butter in a pan (physical change)
Rusting of almirah (chemical change)
Boiling of water to form steam (physical
change)
Electrolysis of water (chemical change)
Dissolving common salt in water (physical
change)
Making fruit salad (physical change)
Burning paper or wood (chemical change)

Pure
Substances

Elements

Metals

Non-metals

Compounds

Metalloids

Metals

Lustrous
Silvery grey or golden yellow in color
Conduct heat and electricity
Ductile
Malleable
Sonorous
Example: gold, silver. Copper, iron, sodium, potassium
Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room temperature

Non-metals

Display variety of colors

Poor conductors of heat and electricity
Not lustrous, sonorous, or malleable
Example: hydrogen (colorless), oxygen (colorless gas but pale blue in
liquid state), iodine (in vapour stage is violetorpurple), carbon
(black/transparent), bromine (reddish-brown), chlorine (greenish-yellow)

Metallods:
Intermediate properties of metals and non-metals; Boron, silicon and
germanium

Difference between
an element and a compound

Elements cannot be broken down into

simpler substances
Eg: copper, oxygen, iron

Compounds have fixed proportion. They can

be broken down into elements by chemical
or electrochemical reactions.
Eg: water, sugar, salt

Difference between a mixture

and a compound
Lab manual: Pg 29
Write objective, apparatus required,
chemical required, procedure
The table will be written post experiment

Difference between a mixture

and a compound
Mixture

No new compound is
formed
Mixture shows the
properties of the
constituent.
A mixture has a variable
composition
The constituents can be
separated with physical
methods

Compound

Elements react to form

new compounds
The new substance has
totally new properties
A compound has a fixed
composition
The constituents can be
separated only by
chemical or
electrochemical reaction