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Lecture 3
Lecture 3
Basic concepts
of PM2.5
Particulate Matter
Complex mixture of solid and
super-coarse
> 10m
coarse (PM10)
< 10m
fine (PM2.5)
< 2.5m
ultrafine < 0.1m
Many sources
Many chemical species:
BRIG, New Jersey (m easured)
Sulfate
Nitrate
Ammonium
Organic Carbon
Elemental Carbon
Soils and crustals
Types of pm
Dusts
Types of pm
Biological agents
Specific hazardous PM
Thousands of organic and inorganic PM
found occupationally
The most common categories of agents
Control of
Particulate Matter
10
Gravity Settlers
The mathematical analysis for gravity settlers
11
vavg
WH
13
14
L
t
avg
15
distance
avg
16
Lt
Fraction captured =
for block flow
Havg
(1)
17
relationship, we replace vt in Eq. (1) with the gravitysettling relations described in last chapter (Stokes
law equation) and find
LgD 2 p
Hvavg 18
(2)
18
19
dc
t
dx
c
Havg
Which we may integrate from the inlet (x = 0) to the
cout
t L
ln
cin
Havg
20
Or
cout
cin
L
1 exp Ht avg
finding
1 exp
LgD 2 p
Havg 18
mixed flow
(3)
21
Comparing this result with that for the block flow, Eq.
(4)
22
Example 1
Compute the efficiency-diameter relation for a
23
particle, viz.,
block
LgD 2 p
18 H avg
3.03
10
(18)(1.8 105 kg / m / s)(2 m)(1 m / s)
result, viz.,
24
25
Particle diameter,
block (%)
mixed (%)
1
10
30
50
57.45
80
100
120
26
Particle diameter,
1
10
block (%)
mixed (%)
0.0303
0.0303
3.03
2.98
30
27.3
23.9
50
76.0
53.0
100.0
63.0
80
86.0
100
95.0
120
99.0
57.45
Cyclone separator
29
37
39
Clean gas
Discharge
electrode
Control cabinet High voltage Rectifier
transformer
Dust gas
Hooper
Collector
electrode
Control cabinet
Control cabinet is used to interconnect the 3 ac supply a
transformer through wires.
Transformer
Rectifier
Rectifier is used to convert the given ac supply into dc su
Hooper
Collector
electrodes
Discharge
electrode
Stage 2
As the electrons leave the
strong electrical field area
around the discharge
electrode, they start slowing
down. This free electron again
strikes the gas molecule but
this time they are captured
by gas molecule and became
negatively charged ion.
As the gas molecule are
negatively ionized they move
towards the (+) electrode (i.e.,
collector electrode).
This negative gas ion fills the
space of Dust particle and
becoming negatively charged
particle.
47
48
49
Q p k
s
A x
(19)
x
x
P2 P1 s
=P3 s
k cake
k
filter
53
( p1 p3 )
Q
vs
(20)
54
mass of cake
area
cake
area
volume
of
gas
cake
55
Customarily we define:
mass of solids removed 1
volume of cake
volume of gas
volume of gas processed
cake
xcake
d (xcake )
sW
dt
(21)
find
(P1 -P3 )
Q 1 dV
s = =
=
A A dt
[(VW/kA+ ]
(22)
centrifugal blower at practically constant pressure, so (P1P3) is a constant, and Eq. (22) may be rearranged and
integrated to
2
V W
V
( P1 P3 )t
2 k A
A
(23)
57
58
61
62
SCRUBBEERS
Scrubbers are most often used as an air pollution
control device to remove particulate matters and
chemicals from waste gas streams of stationary
point source. They are also applied where the
slurry is used in other parts of the process or
where the mixture is in a slurry form. In some
scrubbers are applied so that chemical reaction
will be generated within the scrubbing action.
63
cyclones.
If our problem is to collect a set of 0.5
particles, cyclones will not work at all.
However, if we were to introduce a large number
of 50 diameter drops of a liquid (normally
water) into the gas stream to collect the fine
particles, then we would pass the stream
through a cheap, simple cyclone and collect the
drops and the fine particles stuck on them.
64
Wet Scrubbers
Principle
Scrubber
Efficiency
where,
k = Scrubber coefficient (m3 of gas/ m3 of liquid)
R = Liquid-to-gas flow rate (QL/QG)
= internal impaction parameter
Internal impaction parameter
where,
c = cunningham correction factor
p = particle density (kg/m3)
Vg = speed of gas at throat (m/sec)
dp = diameter of particle (m)
dd = diameter of droplet (m)
= dynamic viscosity of gas, (Pa-S)
control equipment.
Wet scrubbers can handle high particle loading.
Types of Scrubers
Orifice
Impigement
Venturi
70
Orifice Scrubbers
Impingement Scrubbers
Venturi Scrubbers
Venturi scrubbers
Venturi scrubber has a converging-diverging section, in this type
and improves the air liquid contact. Further the air liquid
mixtures decelerate as it moves through the diverging section,
which helps to creates particle droplet impacts
and
75
For venturi scrubber collection efficiency for the fine particulate matter
is higher but the equipment is more expensive than spray tower, cyclonic
or tray tower scrubber. High air velocity and turbulence in the venture
scrubber throat result in high collection efficiencies ranging from 70 to
99% for particles larger than 1 m in diameter and greater than 50% for
submicron particles.
Increasing the pressure drop increases the collection efficiency, but the
76
2
2
P2 P1 1 2
2
78
79
Example 22
In a venturi scrubber the throat velocity is 122
m/s.
The particles to be collected have diameters
of 1 , and the droplet diameter is 100 .
We are feeding 10-3 m3 of liquid per m3 of gas
to the scrubber (QL / QG =10-3).
At a point where vRel is 0.9 vG, what is the rate
of decrease in particle concentration in the
gas phase?
80
Solution:
The appropriate velocity to use in Ns is vRel.
DP2 Rel (2000kg / m3 )(106 m) 2 (0.9 122 m / s )
NS
6.78
5
4
18 DD
(18)(1.8 10 kg / m / s)(10 m)
4
dx
0.9
m
mm
10 m
G
G
81
Example 23
How rapidly is vRel changing for the drop in Example
22?
Solution:
The particle Reynolds number for the droplet is
DD Rel (104 m)(1.20 kg / m3 )(0.9 122 m / s)
RP
732
5
1.8 10 kg / m / s
dt
m
( / 6) DD3 D
1.5Cd air
2
Rel
(1.5)(0.7)(1.20 kg / m3 )(106.7 m / s) 2
2 DD D
2(104 m)(1000 kg / m3 )
7.2 104 m / s 2
3700 times the acceleration of gravity! #
83
84
86
Example 24
A typical venturi scrubber has a throat area of
0.5 m2, a throat velocity of 100 m/s, and a
pressure drop of 100 cm of water = 9806
N/m2.
If we have a 100% efficiency motor and
blower, what is the power required to force
the gas through this venturi?
87
Solution:
kW gs
100 m
N
Power QG p 0.5 m
9806
2
3
s
m
10
N
g
m
245 kW 328 hp
2
88
(38)
QL LG QL L QG
QL
2
p1 p2
G L
2
xy
A
QG
(39)
90
Example 25
For a scrubber using water as the scrubbing liquid,
estimate the pressure for vG = QG/xy = 100 m/s,
and QL/QG= 0.001.
Solution:
kg gm
10 4 N / m 2 10 4 Pa 0.1 atm 102 cm H 2O
91
Example 26
We wish to treat a gas stream to remove
Solution:
From Fig. 9.27, using the results in Example 4 of last
chapter for a 0.5 particle, we can compute a
Cunningham correction factor of 1.24, so the
aerodynamic cut diameter is
1/ 2
1/ 2
gm
gm
3
cm
cm
96
Sources of SOx
The majority of sulfur
oxides come from
power generation
sources:
- coal
- oil
S + O2 SO2
97
Effects
Human Health (as well as animals)
Plants
Corrosion
Acid Rain
99
100
Effects on Plants
Sulfur dioxide* can enter leaf
stomata, causing:
Necrosis morphological
changes due to cell death
(produces brown or black spots)
Necrosis (above)
Chlorosis (below)
Chlorosis bleaching of
leaves, producing a yellow or
white discoloration
*These effects can happen with other air pollutants as well
101
Corrosion
Apart from acid rain, sulfur-containing
gases can directly corrode metals
H2S is most notorious for corrosion, but
sulfur oxides and mercaptans can also
corrode. Many times, corrosion is actually
due to microbial activity acting on the sulfur
Gas pipeline
Stainless Steel
102
Acid Rain
103
Acid Rain
The process
104
Treatment techniques
1. Dry Methods
105
Limestone Scrubbing
Limestone slurry is sprayed on the incoming
Scrubbing
with
basic
solidSOor
SO is an acid gas
sorbent a
slurries
used to remove
fromsolution
flue gases alkaline.
2
Wet scrubbing using a CaCO3 (limestone) slurry produces CaSO3 (calcium sulfite):
CaCO3 (solid) + SO2 (gas) CaSO3 (solid) + CO2 (gas)
Ca(OH)2 (lime) slurry, the reaction also produces CaSO3 (calcium sulfite):
Ca(OH)2 (solid) + SO2 (gas) CaSO3 (solid) + H2O (liquid)
Mg(OH)2 (magnesium hydroxide) slurry produces MgSO3 (magnesium sulfite):
Mg(OH)2 (solid) + SO2 (gas) MgSO3 (solid) + H2O (liquid)
To partially offset the cost of the FGD, in some designs, the CaSO3 (calcium sulfite)
is oxidized to produce marketable CaSO42H2O (gypsum) by forced oxidation:
CaSO3 (solid) + H2O (liquid) + O2 (gas) CaSO4 (solid) + H2O
107
Limestone Scrubbing
Lime Scrubbing
The equipment and the processes are similar to
Lime Scrubbing
The deposits can lead to plugging of the nozzles through which the
scrubbing slurry is sprayed.
The Dual Alkali system uses two regents to remove the sulfur dioxide.
The spray water is treated with lime or limestone, along with make-up
sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate.
The sulfite / sulfate ions are precipitated, and the sodium hydroxide is
regenerated.
Purge treatment
The flue gas is pre - treated to remove the particulate. The sodium
sulfite neutralizes the sulfur dioxide :
Limestone Scrubbing
CaCO3 ( s ) H 2O 2SO2 Ca 2 2 HSO3 CO2 ( g )
CaCO3 ( s ) 2 HSO3 Ca 2 2CaSO3 CO2 ( g ) H 2O
Lime Scrubbing
CaO H 2O Ca OH 2
SO2 H 2O H 2 SO3
H 2 SO3 Ca (OH ) 2 CaSO3 2 H 2O
CaSO3 2 H 2O 0.5O2 CaSO4 2 H 2O
Duaal Alkali
2
114
Wellman-Lord
(W-L)
process
(1) Flue gas pretreatment: (venturi prescrubber) to remove
particulates, SO3 and HCl
(2) SO2 absorption by Na2SO3 solution
2 NaHSO3 heat
Na2 SO3 SO2 H 2O
Na2CO3 SO2 Na2 SO3 CO2
(average, 1 mole Na2SO3 for 42 moles of SO2)
MgO process
Similar to lime/limestone scrubbing
115
116
118
119
120
Westvaco Process
Flue gas is contacted with activated carnon in
121
Westvaco Process
The spent carbon is fed to a sulphur generator
NOX CONTROL
Background on Nitrogen
Oxides
NO
NO2
NO3
N2 O
N2 O3
N2 O4
N2 O5
Fuel Denitrogenation
Combustion Modification
Staged Combustion
Fuel Denitrogenation
o One approach of fuel denitrogenation is to remove a
large part of the nitrogen contained in the fuels.
Nitrogen is removed from liquid fuels by mixing the
fuels with hydrogen gas, heating the mixture and
using a catalyst to cause nitrogen in the fuel and
gaseous hydrogen to unite. This produces ammonia
and cleaner fuel.
Combustion Modification
Combustion control uses one of the
following strategies:
Modification Of Operating
Conditions
The operating conditions can be modified
Low-excess firing
Water Injection
Staged Combustion
The solids are removed from the gas, and are sold
as fertilizers.
Staged Combustion
PRINCIPLE
CARBON MONOXIDE
CONTROL
Formation Of Carbon
Monoxide
Fuel-air ratio
Degree of mixing
Temperature
Stationary Sources
Proper Design
Installation
Operation
Maintenance
Process Industries
CARBON DIOXIDE
CONTROL
Source: USEPA
Source: USEPA
CONTROL OF MERCURY
EMISSIONS
Mercury Emissions
Mercury exists in trace amounts in
Types of
Sources
Worldwide Distribution of
Emissions