Layering,

TCP/IP and
OSI Model,
Addressing
Reference Kurose and
Foruzan

Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8

What is the Internet?

Network edge
Network core
Network access and physical media
Internet structure and ISPs
Delay & loss in packet-switched networks
Protocol layers, service models
History

Introduction

1-2

Protocol Layers
Networks are complex!
many pieces:

hosts
routers
links of various media
applications
protocols
hardware, software

Introduction

1-3

Organization of air travel

ticket (purchase)

ticket (complain)

baggage (check)

baggage (claim)

gates (load)

gates (unload)

runway takeoff

runway landing

airplane routing

airplane routing
airplane routing

a series of steps
Introduction

1-4

Organization of air travel: a different view

ticket (purchase)

ticket (complain)

baggage (check)

baggage (claim)

gates (load)

gates (unload)

runway takeoff

runway landing

airplane routing

airplane routing
airplane routing

Layers: each layer implements a service

via its own internal-layer actions
relying on services provided by layer below

Introduction

1-5

Layered air travel: services

Counter-to-counter delivery of person+bags
baggage-claim-to-baggage-claim delivery
people transfer: loading gate to arrival gate
runway-to-runway delivery of plane
airplane routing from source to destination

Introduction

1-6

ticket (purchase)

ticket (complain)

baggage (check)

baggage (claim)

gates (load)

gates (unload)

runway takeoff

runway landing

airplane routing

airplane routing

arriving airport

Departing airport

Distributed implementation of layer functionality

intermediate air traffic sites

airplane routing

airplane routing

airplane routing
Introduction

1-7

Why layering?
Dealing with complex systems:
explicit structure allows identification, relationship of
complex systems pieces
layered reference model for discussion
modularization eases maintenance, updating of system
change of implementation of layers service
transparent to rest of system
e.g., change in gate procedure doesnt affect rest of
system

Introduction

1-8

LAYERSINTHEOSIMODEL
In this section we briefly describe the functions of each layer in
the OSI model.
Topics discussed in this
section:
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer

2.9

Figure 2.5 Physical layer

2.10

Note
The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

2.11

Figure 2.6 Data link layer

2.12

Note
The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.

2.13

Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery

2.14

Figure 2.8 Network layer

2.15

Note
The network layer is responsible for the
delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.

2.16

Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery

2.17

Figure 2.10 Transport layer

2.18

Note
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another.

2.19

Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

2.20

Figure 2.12 Session layer

2.21

Note
The session layer is responsible for dialog
control and synchronization.

2.22

Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

2.23

Note
The presentation layer is responsible for translation, compression,
and encryption.

2.24

Figure 2.14 Application layer

2.25

Note
The application layer is responsible for
providing services to the user.

2.26

Figure 2.15 Summary of layers

2.27

TCP/IPPROTOCOLSUITE

The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly match

those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP protocol suite was
defined as having four layers: host-to-network, internet,
transport, and application. However, when TCP/IP is compared
to OSI, we can say that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made of
five layers: physical, data link, network, transport, and
application.

opics discussed in this section:

Physical and Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
2.28

Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model

2.29

ADDRESSING
Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing the
TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses

2.30

Figure 2.17 Addresses in TCP/IP

2.31

Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

2.32

Layering: logical communication

Each layer:
distributed
entities implement
layer functions at
each node
entities perform
actions, exchange
messages with peers

Introduction

application
transport
network
link
physical
application
transport
network
link
physical

network
link
physical

application
transport
network
link
physical

application
transport
network
link
physical

1-33

Layering: logical communication

E.g.: transport
take data from app
add addressing, reliability
check info to form
datagram
send datagram to peer
wait for peer to ack
receipt
analogy: post office

Introduction

data
application
transport
transport
network
link
physical

application
transport
network
link
physical

ack
data

application
transport
network
link
physical

network
link
physical
data
application
transport
transport
network
link
physical

1-34

Layering: physical communication

data
application
transport
network
link
physical

application
transport
network
link
physical

Introduction

network
link
physical

application
transport
network
link
physical

data
application
transport
network
link
physical

1-35

Protocol layering and data

Each layer takes data from above
adds header information to create new data unit
passes new data unit to layer below
source

M
Ht

Hn Ht
Hl Hn Ht

M
M

Introduction

application
transport
network
link
physical

destination
application
transport
network
link
physical

message

Ht

segment

Hn Ht
Hl Hn Ht

M
M

datagram
frame

1-36

Example 2.1
In Figure 2.19 a node with physical address 10 sends a frame
to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes are
connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the figure shows,
the computer with physical address 10 is the sender, and the
computer with physical address 87 is the receiver.

2.37

Figure 2.19 Physical addresses

2.38

Example 2.2
Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical
address written as 12 hexadecimal digits; every byte (2
hexadecimal digits) is separated by a colon, as shown below:

07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

2.39

Example 2.3
Figure 2.20 shows a part of an internet with two routers
connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or router) has
a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for each connection.
In this case, each computer is connected to only one link and
therefore has only one pair of addresses. Each router,
however, is connected to three networks (only two are shown
in the figure). So each router has three pairs of addresses,
one for each connection.

2.40

Figure 2.20 IP addresses

2.41

Example 2.4
Figure 2.21 shows two computers communicating via the
Internet. The sending computer is running three processes at
this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The receiving
computer is running two processes at this time with port
addresses j and k. Process a in the sending computer needs to
communicate with process j in the receiving computer. Note
that although physical addresses change from hop to hop,
logical and port addresses remain the same from the source
to destination.

2.42

Figure 2.21 Port addresses

2.43

Note
The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,
but the logical addresses usually remain the same.

2.44

Example 2.5
A port address is a 16-bit address represented by one decimal
number as shown.

753
A 16-bit port address represented
as one single number.

2.45

Note
The physical addresses change from hop to hop,
but the logical and port addresses usually remain the same.

2.46

Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8

What is the Internet?

Network edge
Network core
Network access and physical media
ISPs and Internet backbones
Delay & loss in packet-switched networks
Internet structure and ISPs
History

Introduction

1-47

Internet History
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles

1961: Kleinrock - queueing theory

shows effectiveness of packetswitching
1964: Baran - packet-switching in
military nets
1967: ARPAnet conceived by
Advanced Research Projects
Agency

1972:
ARPAnet demonstrated publicly
NCP (Network Control Protocol)
first host-host protocol
first e-mail program
ARPAnet has 15 nodes

1969: first ARPAnet node

operational

Introduction

1-48

Internet History
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets

1970: ALOHAnet satellite network in

Hawaii
1973: Metcalfes PhD thesis proposes
Ethernet
1974: Cerf and Kahn - architecture for
interconnecting networks
late70s: proprietary architectures:
DECnet, SNA, XNA
late 70s: switching fixed length
packets (ATM precursor)

Cerf and Kahns internetworking

principles:
minimalism, autonomy - no
internal changes required to
interconnect networks
best effort service model
stateless routers
decentralized control
define todays Internet architecture

1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes

Introduction

1-49

Internet History
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks

1983: deployment of TCP/IP

1982: SMTP e-mail protocol
defined
1983: DNS defined for nameto-IP-address translation

new national networks: Csnet,

BITnet, NSFnet, Minitel
100,000 hosts connected to
confederation of networks

1985: FTP protocol defined

1988: TCP congestion control

Introduction

1-50

Internet History
1990, 2000s: commercialization, the Web, new apps

Early 1990s: ARPAnet decommissioned

Late 1990s 2000s:

1991: NSF lifts restrictions on commercial

use of NSFnet (decommissioned, 1995)

more killer apps: instant

messaging, peer2peer file
sharing (e.g., Naptser)

early 1990s: Web

hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960s]
HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee
1994: Mosaic, later Netscape
late 1990s: commercialization of the Web

Introduction

network security to forefront

est. 50 million host, 100
million+ users
backbone links running at Gbps

1-51

Introduction: Summary
Covered a ton of material!
Internet overview
whats a protocol?
network edge, core, access network

You now have:

context, overview, feel of
networking
more depth, detail to follow!

packet-switching versus circuit-switching

Internet/ISP structure
performance: loss, delay
layering and service models
OSI and TCP/IP model
Addressing
history
Introduction

1-52