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Unit 06 Blood Vessels
Unit 06 Blood Vessels
Unit 06 Blood Vessels
and Function.
Prepared By;
Blood Vessels
There are nearly 100000 km of vessels carrying
blood through the body.
The blood vessels are developed through the
process of angiogenesis during embryonic stage
through the life span.
There are mainly 5 types of vessels such as;
Arteries: carry blood AWAY from the heart
Arterioles: smallest arteries
Capillaries: site of exchange in tissues
Venules: smallest veins
Veins: carry blood TO the heart
Arteries
The arteries are vessels that carry blood away
from the heart.
Elastic arteries: Largest
arteries
and
largest
diameter
but
walls
relatively thin. Function as
pressure reservoir. Walls
can stretch and recoil to
propel
blood
while
ventricles relaxing. Also
known as conducting
arteries conduct blood
to medium-sized arteries.
Arteries
2. Muscular arteries: Tunica media contains more
Capillaries
Capillary Beds
Capillaries
Capillaries
capillaries: they
1. Fenestrated
also have intercellular clefts but
in addition they have small
holes or fenestrations through
the plasma membrane of the
endothelial cells. They are
found in kidneys and intestines.
Venous Return
Factors aiding
return:
venous
Large lumen
which
offers little resistance.
Valves
to
prevent
backflow
Muscular pump
skeletal muscles push
blood toward the heart.
Respiratory pump
pressure gradient sucks
blood into thorax.
The Vessels
Functions:
Distribution of blood
Exchange of materials with tissues
Return of blood to the heart
Structure: All the blood vessels are made of four
types of tissues such as endothelial tissue,
collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle
tissue.
Endothelial tissue: It is a line of simple squamous
epithelial cells. They provide smooth luminal
surface and promotes blood flow preventing
coagulation.
The Vessels
Collagen fibers: They are the fibrous tissues
which are flexible but not elastic. They help in
maintenance of shape and size of vessels.
Elastic Fibers: Composed of elastin protein
fibers and forms a rubber like structure which is
capable of stretching under certain conditions.
They are arranged in circular pattern and they
recoil after distension.
Smooth Muscle Tissue: Found in the walls and
are involuntary muscles which helps in
maintaining the tension during stretching.
General Structure
Various Circulations?
Systemic Circulation
Pulmonary Circulation
Portal Circulation
Lymphatic Circulation
Coronary Circulation
CIRCULATORY ROUTES
The term circulation suggests the flow of
blood through vessels arranged in body.
The Systemic circulation conducts blood floe
from the heart (left ventricle) to all parts of the
body and back to the heart (right atrium)
The pulmonary circulation starts from right
ventricle to the pulmonary trunk and then to
lungs for gas exchange and delivers
oxygenated blood into left atrium.
Portal circulation is the blood flow of liver
which is different from other organs since two
capillary beds (liver & intestine=portal vein)
are passed before reaching vein where as only
one capillary bed is present for other organs.
CIRCULATORY ROUTES
Vascular anastamosis is the term used to
describe a second type of circulation where
there is direct connection between arteries to
arteries and veins to veins without passing
through capillary beds.
Coronary arteries is the blood supply of the
heart. It promotes collateral circulations.
Absence of this can create coronary block
where bypass surgery may be required.
Venous
anastamosis
promotes
multiple
drainage facility especially in deep veins and
lack of this can create DVT(deep vein
thrombosis)
Blood Distribution
Largest portion of
blood at rest is in
systemic veins and
venules
Blood reservoir
Venoconstriction
reduces volume of
blood in reservoirs
and allows greater
blood volume to flow
where needed
Cellular elements-produced
by pluripotent stem
cells
Erythrocytes-red blood
cells (RBC), oxygen
transport, lack nuclei,
mitochondria, 3-4 months
Platelets-blood clotting,
cell fragments
Leucocytes-white blood
cells, immunity
3 ways to do it
Basic ways are:
1. Filtration
2. Diffusion
3. Diapedesis
Movement is commonly called Bulk
flow
Diffusion
Diffusion
Diffuse across the capillary.
Depends on its chemical nature.
Hydrophobic (or nonpolar or lipidsoluble) have no problem diffusing.
Crossing right through the endothelial
cells.
Do not see the membranes of the
endothelial cells as barriers - lipidsoluble material can pass right
through them.
Eg: Oxygen Carbondioxide and
Hormones
Filtration
Substances are dissolved in the blood plasma.
Capillaries can leak out material at the junctions
between endothelial cells.
Questions are
1. What direction does the fluid flow across the
capillary?
2. Why does the fluid escape from the capillary?
Osmotic Pressure
Twosolutionsofdiffsolute
concentrations.
WaterleavestotheHypertonic
sidepushingitswayintothe
hypertonicsolution.
This"pushing"istheosmotic
pressure.
Itturnsoutthatthebloodis
hypertonictothe
extracellularfluid.Sowater
isalwaystryingtopushits
wayintothebloodvesseldue
toosmoticpressure.The
pressureduetoosmosis
remainsconstantacrossthe
entirecapillary.
Osmotic Pressure
Thebloodcontainsarelativelyhigh
concentrationofproteins(7to9
g/100mL)
theselargemoleculescannoteasily
passthroughthecapillarywalls.
Thesamekindsofproteinsalsooccur
inthetissuefluids,butinmuch
lowerconcentration(about2g/100
mL).
Becauseofthedifferentprotein
concentrationsonthetwosidesof
thecapillarywall,thebloodand
tissuefluidshavedifferent
osmoticpressures.
Normally,theosmoticpressureofthe
bloodisabout22mmHghigherthan
thatofthetissuefluid.
Thus,thebloodishypertonictothe
tissuefluid,withtheresultthat
watertendstomoveintothe
capillariesfromthetissuefluid
byosmosis.
Blood Pressure
The blood pressure, or
hydrostatic pressure of the
blood (a.k.a., outward
hydrostatic pressure) is an
outward pressure.
Due to Blood pressing on the
walls as it runs through the
capillary from arteriole to
venule ends.
Not a constant pressure it
keeps on falling asiot reaches
the venule end.
Net Effect
Net:Effect
Hydrostatic blood
pressure, exerted by
the heart, tends to
force water out of the
capillaries.
Osmotic pressure,
reflecting a difference
in protein
concentrations, tends
to draw water into the
capillaries.
Arterial end:
Magnitude of Opposing
forces:
Venuous end
Hydrostatic pressure
differential has fallen to 15
mm Hg
Osmotic pressure
differential is still 22 mm Hg
Net pressure of at least 7
mm Hg tending to draw
water into the capillaries.
Starlings Law
Lymph
Lymph - Edema
Imbalance of Hydrostatic and Osmotic pressures in the
capillaries.
A 20 mm rise in capillary pressure causes an increase
net filtration pressure which results in 68 times as
much net filtration of fluid into the tissue spaces as
normal.
Require 68 times the normal flow of fluid into the
lymphatic system, too much for it to handle.
Accumulates in the tissues, and an abnormal swelling,
called edema, occurs.
Elephatiasis
Elephantiasis is a condition of extreme
edema that occurs when lymph vessels
become blocked by filarial worms. Here
the left leg is swollen with the fluids
accumulated in the tissues as a result
of the blockage.
Bulk Flow
Diapaedisis / Transcytosis
WBCorLipids
toobigforfiltrationordiffusion.
squeezeoutoftheendothelialslitsin
capillaries.
Smallquantityofmaterialonly
Substancesinbloodplasmabecomeenclosedwithin
pinocytoticvessiclesthatenterendothelial
cellsbyendocytosisandleavebyexocytosis
Importantmainlyforlarge,lipidinsoluble
moleculesthatcannotcrosscapillarywallsany
otherway
Theleukocyteshavetocrawlandsqueezetosneak
throughthistinylittlegap.
Gas Exchange
O2 and CO2 exchange between
person and environment
Air dissolved in water is the
source of O2
Respiratory surface: large,
moist, permeable, vascularized
Body surface, lungs, tracheal
systems.
Capillary system on the other
side
Internal Respiration
Exchange is through
diffusion, dependent upon
partial pressure of O2 and
CO2
Down Concentration
Gradient
Oxygen rich arterial blood
down to tissue with lower
oxygen due to tissue
consumption
Internal Respiration
Oxyhaemoglobin is unstable
Delivers the Oxygen
CO 2 Diffuses into the venous side of
the capillary due to conc gradient.
Carbon dioxide
Transport
Dissolved in the
plasma of Blood 7%
Bound with Sodium
as Bicarbonate 70%
Remainder in
combination with Hb 23%
CO2 Transport
Transported in three
forms:
1. Dissolved in
plasma (7%)
2. Bound to Hb (23%)
3. Bicarbonate ion in
the plasma (70%)
In summary
Dynamics
of Capillary Exchange
Blood Pressure
Contraction of ventricles
generates blood pressure
Systolic BP highest
pressure attained in
arteries during systole
Diastolic BP lowest
arterial pressure during
diastole
Pressure falls progressively
with distance from left
ventricle
Blood pressure also
depends on total volume of
blood
Vascular resistance
Opposition to blood flow due to friction
between blood and walls of blood vessels
Depends on
Venous return
2 other mechanisms
Proximal
valve
Distal
valve
In medulla oblongata
Helps regulate heart rate and stroke volume
Also controls neural, hormonal, and local negative
feedback systems that regulate blood pressure and
blood flow to specific tissues
Groups of neurons regulate heart rate, contractility
of ventricles, and blood vessel diameter
Cardiostimulatory and cardioinhibitory centers
Vasomotor center control blood vessel diameter
Receives input from both higher brain regions and
sensory receptors
Copyright 2009, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CV Center
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA)
system
Circulation
Blood Pressure
Force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels.
Due to discharge of blood from the LV during Systole into an
already full Aorta.
During LV Systole pressure in the arterial system is 120 mm Hg
or 16 kPa.
During complete diastole, the heart is resting, the presseure within
the arteries is called Diastolic Blood pressure. 80 mm of Hg or
11 kPa.
The difference is the Pulse Pressure
Vary with time, Age, Gender,
Measured with a Sphygmomanometer / Blood Pressur apparatus
Blood pressure
Elasticity of the Arterial walls result in the blood
forward flow.
The distention and recoil occurs through out the
arterial System.
Systemkic Arterial Blood Pressure is essential for
substance to flow in and out of organs
Control of BP is essential for Homeastasis.
Blood pressure
Blood flow is generally equal to cardiac output
Blood flow affected by pressure and resistance
Resistance depends on size of blood vessel and
thickness (viscosity) of blood
Thus :
Blood Pressure = CO X Peripheral Resistance
Main Control
More cells
constriction of blood
vessel walls
Baro
Receptor
Control
What happens?
vasoconstriction (by angiotensin II)
what will that do to blood pressure?
ADH is secreted
aldosterone is secreted
EPO (erythropoietin) secreted by kidneys
if blood volume is too low
ANP secreted if blood pressure is too
HIGH
What is hypertension?
Arterial pressure is too high
Sometimes cause is unknown, or is secondary
to disease
Variety of causes/ risk factors are known
sedentary lifestyle
smoking
obesity
diet (excess sodium; cholesterol; calories
in general)
stress
arteriosclerosis
genetic factors
Consequences?
heart has to work harder; left ventricle
enlarges
atherosclerosis may affect coronary
arteries as well (which have to work harder
anyway) heart disease
deficient blood supply to other parts of
body
damage to blood vessels accumulates
heart failure
summary