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Flammability
Flammability
Flammability
Points
Flammability limits
Mixtures
Temperature Dependence
Pressure Dependence
Minimum
Oxygen Concentration
Minimum Ignition Energy
Adiabatic Compression
Ignition Sources
Introduction
We have been talking about source models for
the release of materials and about dispersion
models if the material is a toxicant.
Another concern is a release of flammable
materials where we need to worry about fires and
explosions.
Fire Triangle
Most
Fuel
Fuel
Oxidizers
Oxygen
Ignition Sources
Heat
Fire Tetrahedron
The
Definitions
Combustion
Explosions
Detonation
Explosions
Confined
Explosions
Dust Explosions - This explosion results from
the rapid combustion of fine solid particles. Many
solid materials become very flammable when
reduced to a fine powder.
Point
Flammability limits
Mixtures
Temperature Dependence
Pressure Dependence
Minimum
Oxygen Concentration
Minimum Ignition Energy
Adiabatic Compression
Ignition Sources
Flammability
Flash
Flammability Limits
There
is usually a range of
compositions of a
flammable vapor and air
where combustion occurs.
Too little fuel (lean
mixture) not enough fuel to
burn.
Too much fuel (rich
mixture) not enough
oxygen to burn
Flammability Limits
Table
yi
i 1 LFLi
1
n
yi
i 1 UFLi
for Temperature
Correct for Pressure
Calculate for mixture
Points
Flammability limits
Mixtures
Temperature Dependence
Pressure Dependence
Minimum
Oxygen Concentration
Minimum Ignition Energy
Adiabatic Compression
Ignition Sources
MOC
Moles Fuel
Moles O 2
MOC
Moles
Fuel
&
Moles
Air
Moles
Fuel
Moles O 2
MOC LFL
Moles
Fuel
Moles Fuel
Points
Flammability limits
Mixtures
Temperature Dependence
Pressure Dependence
Minimum
Oxygen Concentration
Minimum Ignition Energy
Adiabatic Compression
Ignition Sources
Points
Flammability limits
Mixtures
Temperature Dependence
Pressure Dependence
Minimum
Oxygen Concentration
Minimum Ignition Energy
Adiabatic Compression
Ignition Sources
Adiabatic Compression
When gases are compressed they heat up and
can ignite (this is how a diesel engine works, also
the cause of knocking in gasoline engines)
The adiabatic temperature rise is:
Pf
T f Ti
Pi
T and P absolute
Points
Flammability limits
Mixtures
Temperature Dependence
Pressure Dependence
Minimum
Oxygen Concentration
Minimum Ignition Energy
Adiabatic Compression
Ignition Sources
Ignition Sources
Ignition
In Class Problem
What is the UFL of a gas mixture composed of 1%
methane, 2% ethane and 3% propane by volume
at 50C and 2 atmospheres:
Data:
Component
Methane
Ethane
Propane
MW
Heat of Combustion
16.04
30.07
44.09
(kcal/mol)
212.79
372.81
526.74
Solution
Procedure:
Correct
for temperature
Correct for pressure (only for UFL)
Find for mixture.
Solution
Solution cont.
Correction
0.202 MPa
atm 1000kPa
Solution cont.
Mixture
calculation
Mixture
Vol%
Methane
1
Ethane
2
Propane
3
Combustibles 6
Equation
1
n
yi
i 1 UFLi
Solution Continued
UFLMixture
18.0vol %
0.1667 0.3333 0.5