MTTQ DHchuong21

BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
CHNG 2
KHUCH I QUANG
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B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
KHUCH I QUANG
2.1 GII THIU CHUNG
2.2. CC B KHUCH I QUANG
2.2.1. KHUCH I QUANG S DNG SI PHA ERBIUM (EDFA)
2.2.2. KHUCH I QUANG S DNG HIU NG RAMAN (RA)
2.2.3 KHUCH I QUANG BN DN (SOA)
2.3. SO SNH CC LOI B KHUCH I
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
KHUCH I QUANG
2.1 GII THIU CHUNG
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
KHUCH I QUANG
2.1. GII THIU CHUNG
u im ca cc b khuch i quang so vi cc trm lp
quang - in
M hnh chung ca b khuch i quang
Nguyn l chung ca b khuch i quang
Cc tham s c bn
Phn loi
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
KHUCH I QUANG
2.1. GII THIU CHUNG
quang - in
Cc tham s c bn
Phn loi
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
KHUCH I QUANG
2.1. GII THIU CHUNG
quang - in
Trong cc h thng thng tin quang, c li truyn u b gii hn bi suy hao ca
si quang.
i vi cc h thng thng tin quang c ly di, b suy hao thng s dng cc
trm lp quang - in, trong tn hiu quang c chuyn thnh tn hiu in, ti
to xung v chuyn tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang tip tc truyn i.
Cc trm lp nh vy rt phc tp v gi thnh cao i vi h thng quang WDM.
Mt gii php khc b suy hao l dng cc b khuch i quang, khuch
i trc tip tn hiu quang m khng yu cu chuyn i trong min in.
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
KHUCH I QUANG
2.1 GII THIU CHUNG
u im ca cc b khuch i quang so vi
cc trm lp quang - in
So vi cc trm lp quang - in, cc b khuch i quang c cc u
im sau:
Khuch i trc tip tn hiu quang.
Khng ph thuc vo tc bit v phng thc iu ch tn

hiu nn nng cp h thng n gin hn.
Khuch i ng thi c nhiu knh bc sng khc nhau

trong h thng quang.
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
KHUCH I QUANG
2.1. GII THIU CHUNG
quang - in
Cc tham s c bn
Phn loi
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
KHUCH I QUANG
2.1 GII THIU CHUNG
tn hiu quang c
khuch i ra
tn hiu quang vo
Mi trng tch cc
ngun bm
Hnh 2.1
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
KHUCH I QUANG
2.1. GII THIU CHUNG
quang - in
Cc tham s c bn
Phn loi
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
KHUCH I QUANG
2.1 GII THIU CHUNG
Hu ht cc b khuch i quang khuch i nh sng ti thng qua pht
x kch thch, ging nh laser. Tuy nhin, b khuch i quang khng c
hi tip quang.
Nguyn l c bn ca khuch i quang l s dng nng lng bm
quang hoc in thc hin o mt .
Ni chung, h s khuch i quang ph thuc khng ch vo tn s (hoc
bc sng) ca tn hiu quang ti, m cn ph thuc vo c cng
nh sng bm bn trong b khuch i. S ph thuc ca h s khuch
i quang vo tn s v cng tn hiu quang nhiu hay t cn ph
thuc vo mi trng khuch i.
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
KHUCH I QUANG
2.1. GII THIU CHUNG
quang - in
Cc tham s c bn
Phn loi
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
KHUCH I QUANG
2.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Cc tham s c bn
1. H s khuch i
2. rng bng tn khuch i:
3. Cng sut ra bo ha
4. Nhiu b khuch i
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
KHUCH I QUANG
2.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Cc tham s c bn
1. H s khuch i
3. Cng sut ra bo ha
4. Nhiu b khuch i
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
Cc tham s c bn :
1. H s khuch i
G = Pout / Pin
G (dB) = 10 log (Pout / Pin)
(2-1)
(2-2)
Pin v Pout l cng sut u vo v u ra ca b khuch i quang

[mW].
H s khuch i l mt tham s quan trng ca b khuch i. N c
trng cho kh nng khuch i cng sut nh sng ca b khuch i.
Tuy vy, h s khuch i b gii hn bi cc c ch bo ha khuch i.
iu ny lm gii hn cng sut quang ra cc i ca b khuch i.
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
KHUCH I QUANG
2.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Cc tham s c bn
1. H s khuch i
3. Cng sut ra bo ha
4. Nhiu b khuch i
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
Cc tham s c bn :
H s khuch i ca b khuch i quang l mt hm s ca tn
s quang [G(f)]. Tc l, khi o h s khuch i G ca cc tn hiu
quang cc tn s khc nhau s khc nhau.
rng bng tn khuch i ca b khuch i quang B o c
xc nh bi im -3dB so vi h s khuch i nh ca b
khuch i.
Gi tr Bo xc nh bng thng ca cc tn hiu c th c truyn
bi mt b khuch i quang. Do , n nh hng n hot
ng ca cc h thng thng tin quang khi s dng chng.
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
KHUCH I QUANG
2.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Cc tham s c bn
1. H s khuch i
3. Cng sut ra bo ha
4. Nhiu b khuch i
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
Cc tham s c bn :
3. Cng sut ra bo ha
Khi hot ng ch tn hiu nh, cng sut quang u ra s tng tuyn
tnh vi cng sut quang u vo theo h s khuch i G: Pout = G.Pin.
Tuy nhin, khi cng sut u vo Pin tng n mt mc no , h s khuch
i G khng tng tuyn tnh vi tnh hiu u vo na m c th khng i
thm ch bt u gim khi tip tc tng cng sut u vo. Khi , b khuch
i quang t trng thi bo ha.
Pout
Pout, sat
Hnh 2.2
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Pin
Pin,sat
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
Cc tham s c bn :
3. Cng sut ra bo ha (tip)
Hnh 2.10 biu din s thay i ca h s
khuch i G theo cng sut quang
u ra Pout. Cng sut u ra ti
im G gim 3 dB c gi l cng
sut ra bo ha Psat, out.
G
3dB
Pout
Hnh 2.3
Psat,out
Cng sut ra bo ha Psat, out ca mt b khuch i quang cho bit cng

sut u ra ln nht m b khuch i quang c th hot ng c.
Thng thng, mt b khuch i quang c h s khuch i cao s c
cng sut ra bo ha cao.
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
KHUCH I QUANG
2.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Cc tham s c bn
1. H s khuch i
3. Cng sut ra bo ha
4. Nhiu b khuch i
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
Cc tham s c bn :
4. Nhiu b khuch i
Cc b khuch i quang u to ra nhiu.
Ngun nhiu chnh trong cc b khuch i quang l do pht x t pht.
V s pht x t pht l ngu nhin, pha ca cc photon pht x t pht
cng ngu nhin. Chng s tng tc vi cc photon tn hiu gy nn s
dao ng v pha v bin . Bn cnh , nng lng do pht x t pht
to ra cng s c khuch i khi chng truyn qua b khuch i v
pha u ra.
Do , ti u ra ca b khuch i cng sut quang thu c Pout bao
gm c cng sut tn hiu c khuch i - G.Pin v cng sut nhiu
pht x t pht c khuch i (ASE) - PASE.
Pout = G.Pin + PASE

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(2-3)
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SNRin
SNRout
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
Cc tham s c bn :
4. Nhiu b khuch i (tip)

nh hng ca nhiu i vi b khuch quang c biu din bi h s
nhiu (NF), m t lng suy gim t l tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR) sau khi
qua b khuch i. H s NF c cho bi cng thc sau:
NF
SNRin
SNRout
SNRin
NF dB 10 lg
SNRout
(2-4)
(2-5)
trong , SNRin, SNRout l t s tn hiu trn nhiu ti u vo v u ra

ca b khuch i [mW].
H s nhiu NF ca b khuch i cng nh th cng tt. Gi tr nh nht
ca NF c th t c l 3dB. Nhng b khuch i tha mn h s
nhiu ti thiu ny c gi l ang hot ng gii hn lng t.
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
KHUCH I QUANG
2.1. GII THIU CHUNG
quang - in
Cc tham s c bn
Phn loi
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
Phn loi
Trong mt b khuch i quang, qu trnh khuch i nh sng c din ra
trong mt mi trng c gi vng tch cc.
Cc tn hiu quang c khuch i trong vng tch cc vi h s khuch i
ln hay nh ty thuc vo nng lng c cung cp t mt ngun bn ngoi
gi chung l ngun bm.
Cc ngun bm ny c tnh cht nh th no ty thuc vo loi b khuch i
quang hay ni cch khc, ph thuc vo cu to ca vng tch cc.
Ty theo cu to ca vng tch cc, c th chia khuch i quang thnh hai
loi chnh:
SOA
: Semiconductor Optical Amplifier
RFA: Raman-based Fiber Amplifier

OFA
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: Optical Fiber Amplifier

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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
KHUCH I QUANG
2.1 GII THIU CHUNG
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cc b khuch i quang s dng trong k
thut thng tin quang:
- B khuch i quang si,
- B khuch i Raman,
- B khch i quang bn dn.
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

- B khuch i quang si (EDFA),
- B khuch i Raman,
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
2.2.1. B KHUCH I QUANG SI EDFA

1.Tng quan
2. B khuch i quang si EDFA
Cu trc EDFA
Cc phng php bm cho EDFA
Nguyn l hot ng ca EDFA
Yu cu i vi ngun bm
Cc tham s ca EDFA
Cc ng dng ca EDFA
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

1.Tng quan
Cu trc EDFA
Yu cu i vi ngun bm
Cc tham s ca EDFA
Cc ng dng ca EDFA
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

1.Tng quan
-
B khuch i quang si l b khuch i quang m vng tch cc

l si quang c pha t him.
S khi ca b khuch i quang si pha t him:

tn hiu vo
Hnh 2.5
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Si quang
pha t him
tn hiu ra
ngun bm
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

1.Tng quan
Ty theo loi t him c pha trong li ca si quang, bc sng bm ca
ngun bm v vng nh sng c khuch i ca b khuch i quang si
(OFA) s c cc c tnh khc nhau. Mt s loi OFA tiu biu:
+ EDFA - B khuch i si pha Erbium
: 1530nm 1565nm
+ PDFA - B khuch i si pha Praseodymium : 1280nm 1340nm

+ TDFA - B khuch i si pha Thulium
: 1440nm -1520nm
+ NDFA- B khuch i si pha Neodymium

1400nm
: 900nm,1065nm hoc
Trong cc loi OFA, EDFA c s dng ph bin hin nay v c nhiu

u im v c tnh k thut v c vng nh sng khuch i
(1530nm-1565nm) thch hp vi di tn hot ng ca h
thng WDM.
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

1.Tng quan
Cu trc EDFA
Yu cu i vi ngun bm
Cc tham s ca EDFA
Cc ng dng ca EDFA
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

1.Tng quan
Cu trc EDFA
Yu cu i vi ngun bm
Cc tham s ca EDFA
Cc ng dng ca EDFA
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

2. B KHUCH I QUANGSI PHA ERBIUM (EDFA)
cu trc ca EDFA
b cch ly
t/h vo
EDF
WDC
b cch ly
Mi hn
Lasez
Bm
t/h ra
Hnh 2.6
Thnh phn chnh l si pha tp Erbium, nng pha tp 100 2000 ppm. Qu
trnh bm c th thc hin theo hai hng thun v nghch. Cc b cch ly
quang ngn nhiu phn x v tn hiu truyn dn theo hng ngc li lm
gim cht lng b K.
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

cu trc ca EDFA
1) Si quang pha ion t him Erbium (EDF):
2) Laser bm
3) WDM Coupler
4) B cch ly quang
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

cu trc ca EDFA
2) Laser bm
3) WDM Coupler
4) B cch ly quang
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

cu trc ca EDFA
Cu to ca si quang pha ion Er3+
Vng li trung tm c ng knh
t 3 -6 m c pha trn ion Er3+ l ni
c cng sng bm. L ni xy ra
qu trnh khuch i (vng tch cc) ca
EDFA.
Lp bc c chit sut thp hn

bao quanh vng li.
Hnh 2.7
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

cu trc ca EDFA
Cu to ca si quang pha ion Er3+ (tip)
Lp v bo v bao quanh si quang to bn knh si quang
tng l 250 m.
Lp v ny c chit sut ln hn so vi lp bc dng loi b
bt k nh sng khng mong mun no lan truyn trong si
quang.
(Nu khng k n cht pha erbium, cu trc EDF ging nh
si n mode chun trong vin thng).
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

cu trc ca EDFA
1) Si quang pha ion t
him Erbium (EDF):
Gin phn b nng
lng ca Er3+ trong si silica
c minh ha trong hnh 2.9.
Theo , cc ion Er c th tn
3+
Gi bn
ti nhiu vng nng lng

khc nhau c k hiu: 4I15/2 ,
4
I13/2 , 4I11/2, 4I9/2, 4F9/2, 4S9/2, 2H11/2.

Hnh 2.8
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

cu trc ca EDFA
Gin phn b nng lng (tip)
- Vng 4I15/2 c mc nng lng thp nht, c gi l vng nn.
- Vng 4I13/2 c gi l vng gi bn v cc ion Er3+c thi gian sng
ti vng ny lu (khong 10ms) trc khi chuyn xung vng nn.
Thi gian sng ny thay i ty theo loi tp cht c pha trong
li ca EDF.
- Vng 4I11/2, 4I9/2, 4F9/2, 4S9/2, 2H11/2 l cc vng nng lng cao, c
gi l vng kch thch hay vng bm. Thi gian cc ion Er 3+ c trng
thi nng lng trong cc vng ny rt ngn (khong 1 s).
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

cu trc ca EDFA
Nguyn l hot ng si quang pha ion Erbium
Khi cc ion Er3+ vng nn nhn mt mc nng lng bng chnh lch nng
lng gia vng nn v vng nng lng cao hn, chng s chuyn ln vng c
mc nng lng cao hn (s hp th nng lng)
Khi cc ion Er3+ chuyn t cc vng nng lng cao xung vng nng lng thp
hn n s phn r khng pht x cho ti khi tin ti trng thi gi bn 4I13/2.
Tn hiu quang ti s i n, Cc ion Erbium c kch thch nhn c nng
ca nh sng ti, qu trnh bc x kch thch s to ra cc photon ph c cng pha
v hng quang nh tn hiu ti.
Cc ion Erbium c kch thch m khng tng tc vi nh sng ti s phn
r t pht ti trng thi nn vi hng s thi gian xp x 10ms. Pht x t pht SE
c pha v hng ngu nhin v n tr thnh mt ngun nhiu quang.
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

cu trc ca EDFA
Mt phn b nng lng ca cc ion Er3+
Mt phn b nng lng ca cc
ion Er3+ trong vng gi bn khng u
nhau: cc ion Er3+ c khuynh hng
tp trung nhiu cc mc nng lng
thp. iu ny dn n kh nng hp
th v pht x photon ca ion Erbium
thay i theo bc sng.
Ph hp th v ph khuch i ca
EDFA c li pha Ge c th hin ti
hnh 2.9
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Hnh 2.9
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

cu trc ca EDFA
2) Laser bm
3) WDM Coupler
4) B cch ly quang
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

cu trc ca EDFA
2) Laser bm:
Cung cp nng lng nh sng to ra trng thi nghch o nng
trong vng tch cc. Laser bm pht ra nh sng c bc sng 980nm
hoc 1480nm.
3) WDM Coupler:
Ghp tn hiu quang cn khuch i v nh sng t laser bm vo
trong si quang. Loi coupler c s dng l WDM coupler cho php
ghp cc tn hiu c bc sng 980/1550nm hoc 1480/1550nm.
4)B cch ly quang:
Ngn khng cho tn hiu quang phn x ngc v pha u pht hoc
cc tn hiu quang trn ng truyn phn x ngc v EDFA.
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

1.Tng quan
Cu trc EDFA
Yu cu i vi ngun bm
Cc tham s ca EDFA
Cc ng dng ca EDFA
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

CC PHNG PHP BM NH SNG CHO EDFA
Cc phng php bm cho EDFA:
Trong EDFA, iu kin c khuch i tn hiu l t c s
nghch o nng bng cch s dng ngun bm bm cc ion
Erbium ln trng thi kch thch.
C 2 loi ngun bm cho EDFA:
- S dng ngun bm laser 980nm,
- S dng ngun bm laser 1480nm.
V c hai cch thc hin qu trnh bm:
- Bm ngc ti bc sng 1480 nm hoc
- Bm xui ti bc sng 980 nm.
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cc phng php bm cho EDFA:
Phng php bm xui (bm 980 nm):
Trong trng hp ny, ion erbium lin tc c chuyn tip t vng nng lng
4
I15/2 thp ln vng nng lng cao 4I11/2, sau cc ion s phn r xung vng 4I13/2
nhng khng pht x.
T vng ny, khi c tn hiu nh sng kch thch th cc ion s pht x bc sng
mong mun (t 1550 n 1600 nm) khi chuyn t vng nng lng 4I13/2 xung
vng 4I15/2. y chnh l h thng ba mc. Thi gian sng ca ion erbium mc
I11/2 khong 1s trong khi 4I13/2 th ti 10ms. Vi thi gian sng di, vng 4I15/2
c gi l vng n nh.
V vy, cc ion c bm ln mc cao, sau nhanh chng xung vng 4I13/2 v
tn ti trong mt khong thi gian tng i di to nn s nghch o v
nng .
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cc ngun bm v phng php bm cho EDFA:
Phng php bm ngc (1480 nm):
Trong trng hp ny, cc ion erbium ch hot ng trong hai vng
nng lng 4I13/2 v 4I15/2. y l h thng 2 mc.
Cc ion erbium lin tc c chuyn t vng nng lng nn 4I15/2
ln vng nng lng kch thch 4I13/2 nh nng lng bm.
V thi gian tn ti mc ny di nn chng tch ly ti y to ra
s nghch o nng .
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cc cu hnh bm cho EDFA:
B khuch i EDFA c th c bm theo ba cch:
-
Bm thun: ngun bm c bm cng chiu vi hng

truyn tn hiu.
Bm ngc: ngun bm c bm ngc chiu vi hng

truyn tn hiu.
Bm hai chiu: s dng hai ngun bm v c theo hai chiu

ngc nhau .
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cu hnh bm xui
WDM
Cch ly
Cch ly
t/h vo
t/h vo
t/h ra
LD bm
Hnh 2.10
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cu hnh bm ngc
EDF
Cch ly
WDM
Cch ly
t/h ra
t/h vo
LD bm
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Hnh 2.11
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cu hnh bm hai hng
Cch ly
WDM
EDF
WDM
Cch ly
t/h ra
t/h vo
LD bm
LD bm
Hnh 2.12
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

1.Tng quan
Cu trc EDFA
Yu cu i vi ngun bm
Cc tham s ca EDFA
Cc ng dng ca EDFA
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

NGUYN L HOT NG CA EDFA
Nguyn l khuch i ca EDFA c da trn hin tng pht x kch
thch. Qu trnh khuch i tn hiu quang trong EDFA c th c thc
hin theo cc bc nh sau:
Nng lng
Vng nn
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Kch
thch
Vng gi bn
Pht x
Hp th
t pht
Pht x
Phn r xung
trng thi nng Phn r khng
lng thp
bc x nhanh
Chuyn
tip bm
Chuyn tip bm
Vng bm
Hnh 2.13
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

1) Khi bm nh sng cho EDFA
Trong EDFA, iu kin c khuch i tn hiu l t c s
nghch o nng bng cch s dng ngun bm bm cc ion
Erbium ln trng thi kch thch.
C 2 loi ngun bm cho EDFA:
- S dng ngun bm laser 980nm vi phng thc bm xui,
- S dng ngun bm laser 1480nm vi phng thc bm
ngc.
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Trang 56
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

1) Khi bm nh sng cho EDFA
Khi s dng ngun bm laser 980nm, cc ion Er3+ vng nn s
hp th nng lng t cc photon (c nng lng Ephoton =1.27eV)
v chuyn ln trng thi nng lng cao hn vng bm (1).
Ti vng bm, cc ion Er3+ phn r khng bc x rt nhanh (khong
1s) v chuyn xung vng gi bn (2).
Khi s dng ngun bm laser 1480nm, cc ion Er3+ vng nn s
hp th nng lng t cc photon (c nng lng Ephoton
=0.841eV) v chuyn sang trng thi nng lng cao hn nh
ca vng gi bn (3).
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Trang 57
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

1) Khi bm nh sng cho EDFA (tip)
Cc ion Er3+ trong vng gi bn lun c khuynh hng chuyn
xung vng nng lng thp (4).
Sau khong thi gian sng (khong 10ms), nu khng c kch
thch bi cc photon c nng lng thch hp cc ion Er 3+ s
chuyn sang trng thi nng lng thp hn vng nn v pht
x ra photon (pht x t pht) (5).
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Trang 58
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

2) Khi cho tn hiu nh sng i vo EDFA
Khi cho tn hiu nh sng i vo EDFA, s xy ra ng thi hai hin
tng sau:
- Cc photon tn hiu b hp th bi cc ion Er 3+ vng nn (6). Tn
hiu nh sng b suy hao
- Cc photon tn hiu kch thch cc ion Er3+ vng gi bn (7).
Hin tng pht x kch thch xy ra => EDFA khuch i tn hiu
nh sng ti.
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Trang 59
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

3) Khuch i tn hiu nh sng ti
Cc ion Er3+ vng gi bn ang trng thi kch thch nh
ngun bm (7) nhn c kch thch t tn hiu nh sng ti
s chuyn trng thi nng lng t mc nng lng cao
vng gi bn xung mc nng lng thp vng nn v pht
x ra photon mi c cng hng truyn, cng phn cc, cng
pha v cng bc sng.
=> Tn hiu nh sng c khuch i.
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Trang 60
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

1.Tng quan
Cu trc EDFA
Yu cu i vi ngun bm
Cc tham s ca EDFA
Cc ng dng ca EDFA
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Trang 61
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

YU CU I VI NGUN BM CHO EDFA
a) Bc sng bm
Bm b/s 980 nm c ch s nhiu lng t l 3 dB. Bm b/s 1480 nm th ch
s nhiu khong 4 dB (v tit din ngang pht x ti 1480 nm cao hn ti 980
nm v bc x kch thch do ngun bm gii hn s nghch o tch lu ti
1480nm).
=> bc sng bm 980 nm c ng dng cho cc b khuch i nhiu thp.
H s khuch i ti b/s bm 980 nm cao hn ti 1480 nm ti cng cng sut
bm. Do , t c cng mt h s khuch i th cng sut bm ti
1480 nm phi cao hn ti 980 nm.
V cng sut bm 1480 nm ln hn nn cng sut u ra ln hn, do
bm b/s 1480nm c ng dng cho cc b khuch i cng sut. Ngoi ra,
b/s bm 1480 nm c truyn trong si quang vi suy hao thp. Do , ngun
bm laser c th t xa b khuch i.
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Trang 62
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

a) Bc sng bm
Hin nay, bm bc sng 1480 nm c s dng rng ri hn v
chng sn c hn v tin cy cao hn.
tin cy l c im quan trng i vi laser bm v n dng
bm cho khong cch di v trnh lm nhiu tn hiu.
Cc b khuch i cng sut i hi cng sut bm cao nht v
n nh ca chng l mu cht trong qu trnh nghin cu pht trin
chng
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Trang 63
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

b) Cng sut bm
Cng sut bm cng ln th s c nhiu ion Erbium b kch thch
trao i nng lng vi tn hiu cn khuch i v s lm
cho h s khuch i tng ln.
Tuy nhin, h s khuch i khng th tng mi theo cng sut
bm v s lng cc ion erbium c cy vo si l c gii
hn. Ngoi ra, khi cng sut bm tng ln th h s nhiu s
gim.
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Trang 64
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

c) Hng bm
Hng bm thun c u im nhiu thp. Trong khi , hng bm
ngc cung cp cng sut ra bo ho cao nhng c h s nhiu cao hn
bm thun.
Do vy, khuyn ngh s dng c hai laser bm c bc sng bm khc
nhau. Vic bm ti bc sng 1480 nm thng c s dng theo chiu
ngc vi hng truyn tn hiu v bm ti 980 nm theo hng thun
s dng tt nht u im ca mi loi bm.
Bm ti 1480 nm c hiu sut lng t cao hn nhng c h s nhiu
cao hn, trong khi bm ti bc sng 980 nm c th cung cp mt h s
nhiu gn mc gii hn lng t. H s nhiu thp ph hp cho cc ng
dng tin khuch i.
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Trang 65
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

c) Hng bm
Mt EDFA c bm bi mt ngun bm c th cung cp cng
sut u ra cc i khong +16 dBm trong vng bo ho.
Ngi ta c th s dng ng thi c hai bc sng bm to ra
cng sut u ra cao hn; mt EDFA c bm kp c th cung
cp cng sut ra ti +26 dBm trong vng cng sut bm cao nht
c th t c
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Trang 66
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

1.Tng quan
Cu trc EDFA
Yu cu i vi ngun bm
Cc tham s ca EDFA
Cc ng dng ca EDFA
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Trang 67
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

CC THAM S CA EDFA
1) Ph khuch i
2) H s khuch i
3) Vng bc sng cng tc ca EDFA
4) Cng sut bo ha
5) Nhiu trong b khuch i
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Trang 68
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

CC THAM S CA EDFA
1) Ph khuch i
2) H s khuch i
4) Cng sut bo ha
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Trang 69
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

CC THAM S CA EDFA
1) Ph khuch i
Ph khuch i ca EDFA l tham s
quan trng ca EDFA xc nh cc
knh tn hiu c khuch i trong h
thng WDM.
Hnh dng ca ph khuch i ph thuc
vo bn cht ca si quang, loi tp
cht (Ge, Al) v nng tp cht c
pha trong li ca si quang. Ngoi ra,
ph khuch i ca EDFA cn ph
thuc vo chiu di ca si EDF
Ph khuch i ca EDFA tuy kh rng
nhng khng bng phng.
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Hnh 2.20- Ph hp th v ph khuch

i ca EDFA c li pha Ge
Trang 70
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

CC THAM S CA EDFA
1) Ph khuch i
nh hng ca s khng bng phng ca ph khuch i
EDFA:
- S khng bng phng s dn n vic h s khuch i khc
nhau i vi cc bc sng khc nhau.
- Nu h s khuch i ca cc knh tn hiu khng ng nht,
nht l sau khi qua nhiu tng EDFA, sai s h s khuch i
ny s tch lu tuyn tnh n mc khi ti u thu knh bc
sng c h s khuch i ln lm cho u vo my thu qu ti.
Ngc li, knh tn hiu c h s khuch i nh th t s SNR
khng t yu cu.
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Trang 71
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

CC THAM S CA EDFA
1) Ph khuch i
Cc phng php lm phng h s khuch i
S lm phng h s khuch i l cn thit loi b s khuch i mo cc tn
hiu qua cc EDFA ng truyn ghp tng.
Mt s bin php khc phc s khng bng phng ca ph khuch i EDFA:
- Chn la cc bc sng c h s khuch i gn bng nhau. WDM lm
vic bng C (1530 nm 1565 nm). Trong di bc sng ny chn 40
bc sng lm bc sng cng tc ca WDM. Cc bc sng ny c h
s khuch i gn bng nhau.
- Cng ngh cn bng h s khuch i: dng b cn bng hp th bt
cng sut bc sng c h s khuch i ln v dng b khuch i
tng cng sut ca bc sng c h s khuch i nh.
- Thay i thnh phn trn trong si quang: dng si quang trn thm
nhm, photpho hay flo cng vi erbium s to nn b khuch i c
bng tn c m rng v ph khuch i bng phng hn.
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Trang 72
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

CC THAM S CA EDFA
1) Ph khuch i
2) H s khuch i
4) Cng sut bo ha
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Trang 73
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

CC THAM S CA EDFA
2) H s khuch i
H s khuch i ca mt b EDFA c th c tnh theo
biu thc sau:
G exp ( N 2 ( z )
0
(e)
s
N1 ( z )
Trong :
(a)
s
(2-8)
)s dz
N2(z), N1(z) : mt ion erbium trng thi kch thch v trng thi
nn ti v tr z trong on si quang pha erbium.
L
: chiu di si pha erbium.
: h s chng ln ti bc sng tn hiu.
s( e ) , s( a ) : tit din ngang hp th v pht x ca ion erbium ti

bc sng tn hiu.
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Trang 74
BI GING MN
,
MNG TRUYN
TI QUANG
CC THAM S CA EDFA
2) H s khuch i
Gi N1 , N 2 l nng ion erbium mc nng lng nn v mc
nng lng kch thch trung bnh, vi:
L
N1
1
N1 ( z )dz
L0
(2-9)
1
N 2 N 2 ( z )dz
L0
(2-10)
H s khuch i ca mt b EDFA c th c tnh theo biu

thc sau:
G exp[( N 2 s( e ) N1 s( a ) )s L]
(2-11)
=> H s khuch i ca EDFA ch ph thuc vo nghch o nng

cc ion erbium trung bnh trong si quang ( N , N l mt hm
1
2
i vi v tr dc theo chiu di si quang).
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Trang 75
BI GING MN
,
MNG TRUYN
TI QUANG
CC THAM S CA EDFA
2) H s khuch i
H s khuch i ca EDFA ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
-
Ph thuc vo nng ion Er+3: khi nng Er+3 tng th kh nng chng
c chuyn ln mc nng lng cao hn cng nhiu, do h s
khuch i tng. Nhng nu nng Er+3 tng qu cao s gy tch t dn
n hin tng tiu hao quang lm cho h s khuch i gim.
Ph thuc vo cng sut tn hiu ti: khi cng sut vo tng, bc x b

kch tng nhanh => cc ion Er+3 mc nng lng cao tr v mc nng
lng c bn cng nhiu => lm gim nng s ion Er +3 mc nng
lng cao, lm yu i kh nng bc x ca ion Er+3 khi tn hiu quang
c a ti. Do h s khuch i gim. S c mt mc gii hn m
cng sut tn hiu vo tng nhng cng sut ra khng tng na gi l
cng sut bo ho.
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Trang 76
BI GING MN
,
MNG TRUYN
TI QUANG
CC THAM S CA EDFA
2) H s khuch i
H s khuch i ca EDFA ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
- Ph thuc vo chiu di si: khi chiu di si ngn th tn hiu khng c
khuch i nhiu do h s khuch i tn hiu nh. Ngc li, khi chiu
di tng ln th tn hiu c khuch i nhiu hn, do h s khuch i
ln hn. Tuy nhin, khi chiu di vt qu kh nng cng sut bm th h s
khuch i tn hiu s b gim do chiu di qu ln m cng sut bm li
khng p ng ht chiu di si th tn hiu s b suy hao dn v do lm
gim h s khuch i.
- Ph thuc vo cng sut bm: cng sut bm cng ln th s c nhiu ion
erbium b kch thch trao i nng lng vi tn hiu cn khuch i v s
lm cho h s khuch i tng ln. Tuy nhin, h s khuch i khng th
tng mi theo cng sut bm v s lng cc ion erbium c cy vo si l
c gii hn.
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Trang 77
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

CC THAM S CA EDFA
1) Ph khuch i
2) H s khuch i
4) Cng sut bo ha
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Trang 78
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

CC THAM S CA EDFA
rng gia vng gi bn v vng nn ca EDFA cho php s
pht x kch thch xy ra ch yu trong khong bc sng
1530 nm 1565nm (bng C).
y cng l vng bc sng hot ng ch yu ca EDFA.
li khuch i gim nhanh chng ti cc bc sng ln hn
1565 nm v bng 0 dB ti bc sng 1616 nm.
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Trang 79
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

CC THAM S CA EDFA
B khuch i EDFA hot ng ch yu bng C (1530 1565 nm).
Tuy nhin, h s khuch i ca si pha c ui tri rng n
khong 1605 nm.
iu ny kch thch s pht trin ca cc h thng hot ng bng
L (1565 1625 nm). Nguyn l hot ng ca EDFA bng L ging
nh bng C. Tuy nhin, c s khc nhau trong vic thit k EDFA
cho bng C v bng L. Cc phn t bn trong b khuch i quang
nh b cch ly v coupler ph thuc vo bc sng nn chng s
khc nhau trong bng C v bng L.
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Trang 80
Bng 2.2: Bng so snh EDFA hot ng trong bng C

BI GING MN
v bng L
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

CC THAM S CA EDFA
S so snh cc tnh cht ca EDFA trong bng C v bng L c th
hin trong bng 2.2.
Cc thng s
Bng C
Bng L
H s khuch i
Cao hn
Ph khuch i
t bng phng hn
Nh hn khong 3
ln
Bng phng hn
Nhiu ASE
Thp hn
Cao hn
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Trang 81
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

CC THAM S CA EDFA
1) Ph khuch i
2) H s khuch i
4) Cng sut bo ha
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Trang 82
BI GING MN
,
MNG TRUYN
TI QUANG
CC THAM S CA EDFA
4) Cng sut bo ha
S bo ho h s khuch i xut hin khi cng sut tn hiu tng cao v gy
ra s pht x kch thch mt t l cao v do lm gim s nghch o
nng . iu c ngha l s cc ion erbium trng thi kch thch gim
mt cch ng k. V vy, s bo ho gy ra s gim h s khuch i.
Tng ng vi trng thi bo ha c cng sut ra bo ha. Cng sut ra bo
ha Pout, sat l tn hiu ra m h s khuch i b gim i 3 dB so vi khi
khuch i tn hiu nh.
Cng sut ra bo ho khng phi l mt hng s m tng tuyn tnh
vi cng sut bm.
Cng sut ra bo ho cng thay i ty theo bc sng ca tn hiu,
v mt cc ion Er3+ phn b ti vng nng lng gi bn khng
bng nhau.
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Trang 83
BI GING MN
,
MNG TRUYN
TI QUANG
CC THAM S CA EDFA
4) Cng sut bo ha
T th: cng sut

ra bo ha ti 1.55
m cao hn ti 1.53
m vi cng cng
sut bm
Cng sut ra bo ha (mW)
th biu din cng sut ra bo ho tng tuyn tnh theo cng sut bm vo
ti bc sng bm 975 nm i vi bc sng tn hiu l 1555 nm v 1532 nm
c ch ra hnh 2.21.
Hnh 2.21
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Cng sut bm
Trang 84
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

CC THAM S CA EDFA
1) Ph khuch i
2) H s khuch i
4) Cng sut bo ha
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Trang 85
BI GING MN
,
MNG TRUYN
TI QUANG
CC THAM S CA EDFA
Nhiu trong EDFA ch yu l nhiu ASE.
nh hng ca nhiu ASE c tnh thng qua thng s h s nhiu NF
c cho bi cng thc :
(2-12)
NF = 2nsp
Trong , nsp = N2/(N2-N1) c gi l h s pht x t pht, N1, N2 l nng

ion erbium mc nng lng nn v mc nng lng kch thch.
N1, N2 thay i dc theo chiu di ca si quang v ph thuc vo cng
sut ca ngun bm v cng sut ca tn hiu => h s nhiu NF ca
EDFA cng ph thuc vo chiu di ca si quang L v cng sut bm PP,
ging nh h s khuch i tn hiu ca EDFA.
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Trang 86
BI GING MN
,
MNG TRUYN
TI QUANG
CC THAM S CA EDFA
Hnh 2.22 biu din s thay i ca NF v h s khuch i tn hiu theo
chiu di ca si quang vi mt s gi tr ca PP/Psat khi cng sut tn hiu
H s nhiu (dB)
H s khuch i (dB)
u vo 1mW ti bc sng 1,53 m.
Hnh 2.22
Chiu di si khuch i (m)
Chiu di si khuch i (m)
T th cho thy: NF c th t gn bng 3dB khi cng sut ca ngun bm

PP >> Pp,sat.
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Trang 87
BI GING MN
,
MNG TRUYN
TI QUANG
CC THAM S CA EDFA
Nhiu ASE gii hn t l SNR trong cc h thng truyn dn quang
Cng sut nhiu ASE (Pnoise ) ti u ra ca mt b khuch i no trong chui
khuch i v tr thnh cng sut quang u vo ca b khuch i tip theo. Do
Pnoise c th c khuch i bi cc b khuch i tip theo. Do , nhiu
ASE t u ra ca cc tng trc c th ln n mc n s lm bo ho cc b
khuch i pha sau => h s khuch i cc tng pha sau gim.
ASE c th dn n s t dao ng dc theo tuyn truyn dn ca si
quang v do s phn x c mt dc theo ng truyn. Mc d s
phn x l nh, song trong mt khong truyn di vi mt s lng ln
cc b khuch i, cng sut ASE tch t dc theo chui khuch i kch
hot s dao ng. ti thiu ho nh hng ny, cc b cch ly quang
c th c ni dc theo lin kt si quang gim ASE hng ngc.
Tuy nhin, iu ny khng s dng cho h thng song hng.
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Trang 88
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

1.Tng quan
Cu trc EDFA
Yu cu i vi ngun bm
Cc tham s ca EDFA
Cc ng dng ca EDFA
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Trang 89
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

CC ng dng ca Khuch i quang
Cc cu hnh ng dng ca khuch i quang trn
cc h thng TTQ
K Cng sut
Tin K
C 3 trng hp
K ng truyn
Hnh 2.23
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Trang 90
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

B khuch i cng sut (tng cng)
B khuch i cng sut BA c thit b OFA c dng trc
tip ngay sau b pht quang tng mc cng sut quang.
Thit b BA khng cn yu cu nghim ngt v nhiu. Cc thnh
phn nhiu ngoi bng tn hiu c th b qua nh b lc
quang.
Chc nng khai thc, qun l v bo dng BA c th chung vi
b pht quang.
ng dng ca BA ch c th hp dn trong cc trng hp cc
v tr trung gian vi cc thit b tch cc ngoi mun hoc
khng th tip cn c, v d nh l cc h thng di bin.
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Trang 91
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

B tin khuch i
ng dng c bn nht ca cc b khuch i quang si l
tin khuch i PA.
PA c nhiu thp, c dng trc tip vi cc b thu quang,
nn chc nng hot ng, qun l v bo dng (OAM) cho PA
c th chung vi b thu quang.
Khi suy hao quang gia PA v b thu quang bng 0dB, ta c
mt t hp ca PA v b thu quang. Nh vy b thu c (c)
khuch i quang OAR (Optically Amplified Recciver). Trong
, b tin khuch i quang c tch hp vi b thu quang
to ra b thu c nhy thu cao.
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

B khuch i ng truyn
B khuch i ng truyn LA l thit b OFA c dng gia cc
phn si th ng truyn dn tn hiu tng di khong
lp, hoc ng vi cu hnh ni a im th n c th b cc suy
hao r nhnh trong mng truy nhp quang.
Cc b khuch i ng truyn c th thay th mt vi hoc
ton b cc trm lp thng thng trong tuyn truyn dn di v
l u im r rng trong vic gim ng k s lng thit b
trn tuyn.
Nh vy trn cc mng ng trc th cc b LA ng vai tr b suy hao
tn hiu, cn cc trm lp thng thng th c chc nng sa mo tn hiu.
Trn cc h thng truyn dn s dng nhiu LA cn phi c cc knh thng
tin ring bit cnh bo, gim st v iu khin cc b khuch i ng
truyn xa.
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

- B khuch i quang Raman,
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
2.2.2. B KHUCH I QUANG RAMAN (RA)

Tng quan
Cu trc RA
Nguyn l hot ng ca RA
Cc phng php bm cho RA
Cc tham s ca RA
Cc ng dng ca RA
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Trang 95
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
2.2.2. B KHUCH I QUANG RAMAN

(RA)
Tng quan
Cu trc RA
Cc tham s ca RA
Cc ng dng ca RA
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Trang 96
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Tng quan
Khng ging nh nguyn l khuch i ca EDFA,
khuch i Raman khng cn mt si quang pha ion
Er3+ ring.
Trong khuch i Raman, tn hiu quang c
khuch i dc theo ton b chiu di ca si quang
silica bnh thng.
B khuch i Raman s dng hiu ng Tn x
Raman (tn x Raman kch thch) xy ra trong si
quang khi c nh sng bm.
iu kin thc hin khuch i: i b khuych
i Raman phi c bm nh sng t mt ngun
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bn ngoi. B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1
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Tng quan
Tn x Raman kch thch l hin tng mt nguyn
t hp th nng lng ca mt photon, sau to ra
mt photon c nng lng khc.
V vy, tn x Raman kch thch c nh ngha l
hin tng photon th cp c sinh ra do kch thch
t ngun bn ngoi.
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Trang 98
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Tng quan
c khuch i Raman phi to ra s nghch o
nng . iu ny t c bng cch cung cp
nng lng cho cc nguyn t ca si quang t mt
laser bm c bc sng thp hn bc sng ca tn
hiu.
Khi , cc nguyn t ca si quang s hp th nng
lng bm c nng lng cao (bc sng ngn) v
chuyn ln mc nng lng cao hn. Khi c tn hiu
n, n s kch thch cc nguyn t ang mc nng
lng cao chuyn sang trng thi nng lng thp
hn v gii phng ra mt nng lng di dng
photon nh sng c cng bc sng (di hn bc
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Trang 99
Bcng
MN: THNG
TIN QUANG
- KHOA
VT1
sng bm) v
pha vi
tn hiu
n.
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Tng quan
S chuyn nng lng trong khuch i Raman:
Hnh 2.24.
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Tng quan
SRS khc vi pht x kch thch:
- Trong trng hp pht x kch thch th mt photon
ti kch thch s pht x ca mt photon khc ging
ht m khng b mt nng lng ca n.
- Trong trng hp SRS th photon bm s mt mt
phn nng lng v to ra mt photon khc c tn
s nh hn. Phn nng lng mt i b hp th bi
mi trng di dng dao ng phn t).
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Trang 101
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Tng quan
S khi ca b khuch i Raman
Tn hiu vo
B khuch i
RAMAN
Tn hiu ra
Ngun bm
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Hnh 2.25
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

(RA)
Tng quan
Cu trc RA
Cc tham s ca RA
Cc ng dng ca RA
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Trang 103
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cu trc ca b khuch i Raman
Si quang
B lc
Coupler si
t/h vo
B lc
t/h ra
Laser bm
Hnh 2.26
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Trang 104
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
Cu trc ca b khuch i Raman

Trong :
-
Si quang l ni xy ra qu trnh khuch i, l si quang thng truyn tn hiu

nh si SMF, DSF..... Trong khuch i Raman, khng cn s dng si quang c
bit nh EDFA.
Coupler: dng ghp bc sng tn hiu vo vi bc sng bm.
- Laser bm c tn s p: dng cung cp nng lng cho cc nguyn t ca si

quang chuyn ln trng thi kch thch, gip to ra s nghch o nng . Laser
pht ra nh sng c bc sng thch hp ty thuc vo vng bc sng cn
khuch i. y l mt u im quan trng ca khuch i Raman so vi EDFA
(ch khuch i c cc bc sng bng C).
- B lc (hoc b cch ly): t hai u ca b khuch i quang ngn chn tn
hiu phn x hai u b khuch i. ng thi n cng gip loi tr nhiu ASE
theo hng ngc v pha u vo c th gy nh hng n tn hiu u vo.
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Trang 105
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

(RA)
Tng quan
Cu trc RA
Cc tham s ca RA
Cc ng dng ca RA
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Trang 106
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
Nguyn l hot ng ca b khuch i Raman

Lung nh sng bm c tn s p v nh sng tn hiu tn s s cng c
a vo si quang thng qua mt coupler quang. Nng lng s c truyn
t nh sng bm sang nh sng tn hiu thng quang hiu ng SRS trong si
quang. C th:
nh sng bm t mt laser bm c bc sng thp hn bc sng ca tn
hiu cung cp nng lng cho cc nguyn t ca si quang. Khi , cc
nguyn t ca si quang s hp th nng lng nh sng bm v chuyn ln
mc cao hn (mc khch thch) to ra s o ln nng
Khi c tn hiu nh sng ti, n s kch thch cc nguyn t ang mc nng
lng cao chuyn sang trng thi nng lng thp hn v gii phng ra mt
nng lng di dng photon nh sng c cng bc sng (di hn bc
sng bm) v cng pha vi tn hiu n. Do , tn hiu c khuch i
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Trang 107
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

(RA)
Tng quan
Cu trc RA
Cc tham s ca RA
Cc ng dng ca RA
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Trang 108
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

CC PHNG PHP BM NH SNG CHO RA
B khuch i RA c th c bm theo ba cch:
-
Bm thun: ngun bm c bm cng chiu vi

hng truyn tn hiu.
Bm ngc: ngun bm c bm ngc chiu vi

hng truyn tn hiu.
Bm hai chiu: s dng hai ngun bm v c theo

hai chiu ngc nhau .
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Trang 109
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Trong cu hnh bm thun, tn hiu v cng sut bm c a vo si cng
mt chiu. Trong khi , cu hnh bm ngc, tn hiu v sng bm c
ghp vo hai u ca si quang v truyn theo hng ngc nhau.
Cu hnh bm thun, b khuych i Raman s dng tt nh l b khuych
i cng sut, lm mnh tn hiu ti u vo si quang.
Cu hnh ngc ph hp hn vi ng dng khuych i cc tn hiu yu ti
u thu (tin khuch i). Cu hnh bm ngc c u im l s dao ng
cng sut bm va phi, y cng l cu hnh thng c s dng trong
thc t.
Ngoi ra cng c th s dng cu hnh bm hai chiu.
m rng v lm bng phng ph khuych i Raman ngi ta s dng
nhiu sng bm tn s khc nhau.
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Trang 110
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cc cu hnh bm xui:
Si quang
B lc
Coupler si
t/h vo
B lc
t/h ra
Laser bm
Hnh 2.27
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Trang 111
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cc cu hnh bm ngc:
Si quang
Coupler si
B lc
B lc
t/h vo
t/h ra
Laser bm
Hnh 2.28
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Trang 112
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cc cu hnh bm hai hng :
B lc
Coupler
si
Si quang
Coupler
si
t/h vo
B lc
t/h ra
Laser bm
Laser bm
Hnh 2.29
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Trang 113
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

B lc
Si quang
Si quang
Coupler si
t/h vo
B lc
t/h ra
WD
M
Laser bm
Khi iu khin
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Hnh 2.30
Trang 114
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Ngun bm
Di tn c s dng
3
(a)
40nm
Ngun bm
Hnh 2.31
Gn sng h s khuch i
(b)
40nm
Hnh 2.12. (a) Vi khong cch cc ngun bm 40nm, cc knh nm

trong di tn rng c khuch i; (b) Gn sng h s khuch i do
khuch i Raman v do khong cch cch ngun bm
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Trang 115
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

(RA)
Tng quan
Cu trc RA
Cc tham s ca RA
Cc ng dng ca RA
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Trang 116
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
Cc tham s ca b khuch i Raman

1) Ph ca khuch i Raman
2) Ngng Raman
3) H s khuch i v rng bng tn Raman
4) Nhiu trong cc b khuych i Raman
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Trang 117
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Hnh 2.32. Ph khuych i Raman ca si Silica bc sng bm p =

1m.
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

2) Ngng Raman
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* rng ph tn x Raman
T s ph khuch i Raman ca si silica => H s khuch i
Raman ko di trong mt phm vi tn s rt rng (t ti 40 THz) vi
nh khuych i gn dch tn 13,2THz.
iu ny xy ra l do tnh phi tinh th t nhin ca thu tinh silica. Trong
cc vt liu v nh hnh nh silic tn s dao ng phn t tri rng
thnh nhiu di chng cho ln nhau v tr thnh mt di lin tc.
=> ph khuych i Raman ca si silica lin tc v tri di trong mt
phm vi rt rng. Chnh v c im ny m si quang c th lm vic
nh mt b khuych i di rng.
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Trang 120
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

* nh hng ca cc cht ph gia trong si thy tinh n ph
tn x Raman
Si thu tinh c to t cc hn hp oxide nng chy. Cc oxide
ny to ra mt vt liu mi c cu trc mng phn t lin kt hn
hp.
Thng thng cc si thu tinh c pha cc hp cht khc nhau
v d nh thay i mt s tnh cht ca thu tinh nh ch s
chit sut, h s tn sc.
Cc cht ph gia ny cng lm thay i quang ph tn x Raman
ca si thu tinh.
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Trang 121
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Thu tinh c thnh phn c bn l
dioxide silic c rng ph rt
rng (khong 40THz) vi mt nh
chnh trong khu vc t 440 n
490.
Vi cht pha tp l rng ph
hp hn nhng cng nh
sng tn x li mnh hn. Vi
khng nhng cng nh sng
tn x tng m cn xut hin
vng ph mi c nh ti 1390
vi khong dch tn rt ln.
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Hnh 2.33. Ph tn x Raman ca cc si

quang thu tinh oxide.
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

2) Ngng Raman
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

2) Ngng Raman
Khuch i Raman ca si silica s dng tn x Raman to ra nh sng
Stoke. nh sng Stoke l nh sng c tn s nh hn tn s ca nh
sng ti
Khi ta tng dn cng sut bm u vo th cng sut ca sng Stoke
cng tng dn. Nhng nu nh cng sut sng bm vt qu mt gi tr
xc nh th cng sut sng Stoke s tng ln rt nhanh theo hm m. Khi
, xut hin s khuch i nh sng gi l khuch i Raman.
=> c khuch i Raman ca si silica cn phi c cng sut sng
bm vt qu mt gi tr xc nh. Gi ny gi l ngng Raman.
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

2) Ngng Raman
Ngng Raman c nh ngha l cng sut bm u vo sao cho u
ra cng sut bm v cng sut Stoke l bng nhau
Ngng Raman c xc nh theo cng thc:
P 16
th
R
Trong :
Aeff
g R Leff
(2-13)
PRth : cng sut ngng;

Aeff: din tch hiu dng ca si quang;
Leff: chiu di hiu dng ca si quang;
gR: h s khuych i Raman.
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Trang 125
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

2) Ngng Raman
Trong cng thc (2-13), Lef l chiu di tng tc hiu dng
c nh ngha
l:
1 exp
L
Leff
(2-14)
Vi l h s suy hao ca si quang.

Trn thc t, Lef 1/ v Aef .r2 => Ngng Raman (PRth)
c xc nh theo cng thc:
2
r
PRth 16
gR
(2-15)
Trong , r l bn knh ca li si.

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Trang 126
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

2) Ngng Raman
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H s K ca b khuch i quang Raman:
H s K ca b khuch i quang Raman c tnh theo cng thc:
g ( ) g R ( )
Pp
Aeff
(2-16)
Trong , g() : H s khuych i ca b khuych i

gR() : H s khuych i Raman .
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Pp
: Cng sut bm
Aeff
: Din tch vng bm bn trong si.
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

rng bng b khuch i quang Raman:
H s khuch i
- nh h s khuch i b dch 13,2 THz (khong

100nm) so vi bc sng bm v rng bng tn K
khong 6THz.
- Thc t, Ph khuch i Raman c th ln n
hn 20THz
Hnh 2.34
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dch tn [THz]
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Hiu sut khuch i Raman cho cc loi si quang
Hiu sut khuych i
Raman cho cc loi si
quang khc nhau c
tnh theo cng thc:
gR
R
Aeff
(2-17)
v c ch ra hnh
2.35
Hnh 2.35
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Trang 130
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Hiu sut khuch i Raman cho cc loi si quang
V Aeff c th thay i ng k i vi nhiu loi si khc nhau,
nn hiu sut khuych i Raman R ca cc loi si cng rt
khc nhau.
Si b tn sc (DCF) c hiu qu gp 8 ln so vi si silic n
mode tiu chun (SMF) do ng knh li si b hn.
S ph thuc ca h s khuych i Raman vo tn s gn nh
nhau i vi c ba loi si .
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

S ph thuc ca h s K Raman vo cng sut
bm
S ph thuc ca vo i vi
cc cng sut bm u vo
khc nhau cho b khuych i
Raman di 1,3 km hot ng
bc sng 1017nm.
Ban u h s khuych i
quang s tng theo hm m khi
tng nhng n khi > 30dBm
th iu ny khng ng na do
tnh cht bo ho khuych i.
Hnh 2.36
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

2) Ngng Raman
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Nhiu pht x t pht ASE (Amplified Spontaneous
Emission)
Nhiu tn x Rayleigh kp DRS (Double Rayleigh
Scattering)
Nhiu do bc sng nh sng bm v nh sng
tn hiu gn nhau
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Trang 134
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Nhiu pht x t pht ASE (Amplified Spontaneous
Emission)
Pht x t pht b sung vo nh sng tn hiu nhiu thnh phn tn s

khc nhau. V nguyn l tt c nhng thnh phn c tn s nm trong di
ph ca tn hiu hu ch cc loi nhiu ny c th c loi tr. Pht x t
pht khng nhng nh hng n c tnh nhiu m cn nh hng n
h s khuych i quang.
Mt ph cng sut nhiu ASE:
H s nhiu ASE:
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S R ASE h .(G 1)
(2-17)
1 h
NFR ASE 2 1
G h 1
(2-18)
Trang 135
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Nhiu tn x Rayleigh kp DRS (Double Rayleigh
Scattering)
Tn x Rayleigh kp tng ng vi hai qu trnh tn x (mt cng chiu v

mt ngc chiu vi chiu truyn ca nh sng tn hiu) do s khng ng
nht ca si quang. Nhiu pht x t pht ASE truyn theo hng ngc s b
phn x li do tn x Rayleigh kp v tip tc c khuych i do qu trnh
tn x Raman kch thch.
Nhiu tn x Rayleigh kp trong khuych i Raman rt ln do nh sng tn x
Rayleigh c khuych i trong qu trnh truyn v khuych i Raman yu
cu di si tng ch Raman kh ln. Thc t nhiu tn x Rayleigh kp lm
gim tng ch quang cho mi on khong t 10dB n 15dB.
gim nhiu tn x Rayleigh kp c th s dng cc b cch li gia cc b
khuych i.
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Trang 136
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Nhiu do bc sng nh sng bm v nh sng tn
hiu gn nhau
Bnh thng trong b khuych i Raman c mt phn nh
sng bm b tn x t pht.
nh sng tn x t pht ny gy nhiu cho cc knh tn hiu c
bc sng gn bc sng nh sng bm.
Theo mt s kt qu nghin cu hiu ng ny c th lm cho
h s nhiu NF ti 3dB vi cc knh tn hiu c bc sng gn
bc sng bm.
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Trang 137
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

(RA)
Tng quan
Cu trc RA
Cc tham s ca RA
Cc ng dng ca RA
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Trang 138
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

CC ng dng ca Khuch i quang RAMAN
Cc cu hnh ng dng ca khuch i quang trn
cc h thng TTQ
K Cng sut
Tin K
C 3 trng hp
K ng truyn
Hnh 2.37
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Trang 139
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

B khuch i cng sut (tng cng)
B khuch i cng sut BA c thit b RA c dng trc tip
ngay sau b pht quang tng mc cng sut quang.
Thit b BA khng cn yu cu nghim ngt v nhiu. Cc thnh
phn nhiu ngoi bng tn hiu c th b qua nh b lc
quang.
Chc nng khai thc, qun l v bo dng BA c th chung vi
b pht quang.
ng dng ca BA ch c th hp dn trong cc trng hp cc
v tr trung gian vi cc thit b tch cc ngoi mun hoc
khng th tip cn c, v d nh l cc h thng di bin.
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Trang 140
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

B tin khuch i
ng dng c bn ca b khuch i quang Raman l tin
khuch i PA.
PA c nhiu thp, c dng trc tip vi cc b thu quang,
nn chc nng hot ng, qun l v bo dng (OAM) cho PA
c th chung vi b thu quang.
Khi suy hao quang gia PA v b thu quang bng 0dB, ta c
mt t hp ca PA v b thu quang. Nh vy b thu c
khuch i quang OAR (Optically Amplified Recciver). Trong
, b tin khuch i quang c tc dng nng cao nhy
thu.
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Trang 141
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

B khuch i ng truyn
B khuch i ng truyn LA l thit b RA c dng gia
cc phn si truyn dn tn hiu tng di khong lp.
Cc b khuch i ng truyn c th thay th mt vi hoc
ton b cc trm lp thng thng trong tuyn truyn dn di
v l u im r rng trong vic gim ng k s lng
thit b trn tuyn.
Nh vy trn cc mng ng trc th cc b LA ng vai tr b suy
hao tn hiu, cn cc trm lp thng thng th c chc nng sa mo
tn hiu. Trn cc h thng truyn dn s dng nhiu LA cn phi c
cc knh thng tin ring bit cnh bo, gim st v iu khin cc
b khuch i ng truyn xa.
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Trang 142
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

- B khuch i quang Raman,
- B khuch i quang bn dn.
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2.2.2. B KHUCH I QUANG BN DN

(SOA)
Tng quan
Cu trc SOA
Nguyn l hot ng ca SOA
Cc b SOA
Cc tham s ca SOA
Cc ng dng ca SOA
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(SOA)
Tng quan
Cu trc SOA
Cc b SOA
Cc tham s ca SOA
Cc hiu ng phi tuyn trong SOA
Cc ng dng ca SOA
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Trang 145
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(SOA)
Tng quan
Cu trc v nguyn l hot ng ca b khuch i quang bn dn
SOA (Semiconductor Optical Amplifier) tng t nh laser bn dn.
Cu trc v nguyn l hot ng ca n cng da vo h thng hai
di nng lng ca cht bn dn v c 3 qu trnh bin i quang
in: hp th, pht x t pht v pht x kch thch.
Trong , tn hiu quang c khuch i da trn hin tng pht
x kch thch xy ra trong vng tch cc ca SOA. Vng tch cc ny
c t gia hai lp bn dn loi n v p.
Ngun bm bn ngoi c cung cp bi dng in phn cc.
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2.2.2. B KHUCH I QUANG BN DN (SOA)

Tng quan
S khc nhau chnh gia SOA v laser bn dn l:
- SOA hot ng di mc ngng dao ng v
- H s phn x ca hai mt phn x ca vng tch cc
nh.
Khi , khng c qu trnh phn x, cng hng v t pht
x nh sng.
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Trang 147
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Tng quan
H s khuch i ca SOA ph thuc vo cng sut tn hiu vo v nhiu ni
gy ra bi qu trnh khuch i.
Khi hot ng ch tn hiu nh,
cng sut quang u ra s tng tuyn
tnh vi cng sut quang u vo theo h Pout, sat
s khuch i G: Pout = G.Pin.
Pout
Tuy nhin, khi cng sut u vo Pin tng

n mt mc no , h s khuch i G
khng tng tuyn tnh vi tnh hiu u
vo na m c th bt u gim khi tip
tc tng cng sut u vo. Khi , SOA
t trng thi bo ha.
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Pin
Pin,sat
Hnh 2.38a
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Tng quan
Cng sut ra bo ha Psat, out ca SOA cho bit cng sut u ra ln nht
m SOA c th hot ng c.
Khi cng sut u ra ti
im G gim 3 dB c gi
l cng sut ra bo ha
Psat,out.
3dB
Pout
Pout,sat
Hnh 2.38b
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Tng quan
Trong SOA cng xy ra cc hiu ng phi tuyn, cc hiu ng
phi tuyn ny c th gy ra chirp tn s.
Tuy nhin, cc hiu ng phi tuyn cng hu ch khi s dng
SOA nh cc phn t chc nng, chng hn b chuyn i
bc sng .
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Tng quan
S khi mt b khuch i quang bn dn
Tn hiu vo
Tn hiu ra
b khuch i
soa
ngun dng bm
Hnh 2.39
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

(SOA)
Tng quan
Cu trc SOA
Cc b SOA
Cc tham s ca SOA
Cc ng dng ca SOA
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Trang 152
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cu trc
Tn hiu ra
Dng bm
Vng tch cc
Tn hiu vo
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Hnh 2.40a
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cu trc
Dng bm
Tn hiu vo
Vng tch cc
Tn hiu ra
v nhiu
Hnh 2.40b
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Trang 154
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cu trc
SOA c iu khin bi dng in,
Vng tch cc trong SOA khuch i nh sng u vo nh
qu trnh pht x kch thch.
Tn hiu u ra bao gm c tn hiu truyn dn v nhiu pht
x t pht c khuch i (ASE) do qu trnh khuch i gy
ra.
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Trang 155
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

(SOA)
Tng quan
Cu trc SOA
Cc b SOA
Cc tham s ca SOA
Cc ng dng ca SOA
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Trang 156
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Nguyn l hot ng
Nguyn l hot ng ca b khuch i quang bn dn da trn c ch pht x
kch thch ca lp tip gip pn:
Khi c dng in iu khin, cc in t trng thi nng lng E1
c kch thch bi dng in iu khin s nhy ln mc nng lng cao
hn E2 v to nn s o ln nng .
Khi c nh sng ti kch thch cc in t ang trng thi kch
thch E2. Cc in t ny hp th nng lng nh sng ti tr v trng
thi E1 n s gii phng ra mt nng lng sng in t di dng nh
sng c nng lng ln hn
E2- E1. V qu trnh kch thch cc in t
ang trng thi kch thch E2 li tip tc din ra. Khi , tn hiu
nh sng c khuch i.
Tuy nhin, cng c mt s in t trng thi E2 khng nhn c nng
lng ca nh sng ti cng tr v trng thi E 1 v pht x ra cc photon.
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Qu trnh pht x ny
qu THNG
trnh pht
t pht.
Bl
MN:
TIN x
QUANG
- KHOA VT1
Trang 157
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Nguyn l hot ng
Qu trnh bin i : hp th, pht x t pht v pht x kch thch c ch
ra hnh sau:
E
E2
Nng lng
kch thch
E1
Qu trnh
hp
th
Qu trnh
pht x
t pht
Qu trnh
pht x
kch
thch
nh
sng
pht
ra
in t
Hnh 2.41
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Trang 158
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

(SOA)
Tng quan
Cu trc SOA
Cc b SOA
Cc tham s ca SOA
Cc ng dng ca SOA
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Trang 159
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cc b khuch i quang bn dn
SOA c th c phn thnh hai loi chnh da vo h s phn
x ca hai mt phn x ca lp tch cc:
-
Loi th nht, khuch i Fabry-Perot FPA (Fabry-Perot

Amplifier) c h s phn x cao (c th ln ti 32%).
Loi th hai, khuch i sng chy TWA (Traveling Wave

Amplifier): c h s phn x R = 0,
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Trang 160
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Loi th nht, khuch i Fabry-Perot FPA (Fabry-Perot
Amplifier):
- C h s phn x cao (c th ln ti 32%).
- Cu trc ca FPA cng tng t nh laser Fabry-Perot vi
cu trc hc cng hng c h s phn x cao, qu trnh
hi tip, chn lc tn s xy ra.
- Kt qu: FPA c h s khuch i cao, nhng ph h s
khuch i li nhp nh, khng u. iu ny lm gim
bng thng khuch i ca FPA
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Trang 161
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Loi th hai, khuch i sng chy TWA (Traveling Wave Amplifier):
khc phc hn ch trn ca FPA, hai lp chng phn x AR
(anti-reflection) c h s phn x R = 0, c t ti hai u ca
vng tch cc khng cho qu trnh phn x xy ra bn trong b
khuch i.
Khi , tn hiu vo SOA s c khuch i khi ch i qua mt ln
(c gi l single pass) xuyn qua vng tch cc ca b khuch
i m khng c hi tip v.
Trn thc t, h s phn x hai u ca vng tch cc ca TWA
khng hon ton bng 0 m c gi tr rt nh t 0.1% n 0.01%.
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Trang 162
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

(SOA)
Tng quan
Cu trc SOA
Cc b SOA
Cc tham s ca SOA
Cc ng dng ca SOA
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Trang 163
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

(SOA)
Cc tham s ca SOA
c tnh khuch i ca SOA

- H s khuch i ca FPA
+ H s khuch i ca FPA khi R1 R2
+ H s khuch i ca FPA khi R1=R2=R
- H s khuch i ca TWA (khi R1=R2=O)
Xuyn nhiu trong SOA
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Trang 164
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

(SOA)
Cc tham s ca SOA

Xuyn nhiu trong SOA
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

(SOA)
Cc tham s ca SOA

Xuyn nhiu trong SOA
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Trang 166
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cc tham s
H s khuch i ca FPA
GFPA ( )
(1 R1 )(1 R2 )GS ( )
(1 GS R1 R2 ) 2 4GS R1 R2 sin 2 [( 0 ) L / v]
(2-20)
Trong :
Gs() l h s khuch i n thng ca SOA khi tn hiu quang i qua
vng tch cc m khng c s hi tip (h s phn x R= 0)
0 l tn s gc cng hng m ti h s khuch i t gi tr ln
nht
L l chiu di ca vng tch cc
v l vn tc nh sng truyn trong mi trng khuch i
www.ptit.edu.vn
Trang 167
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cc tham s
H s khuch i ca FPA khi R1=R2=R
(1 R) 2 GS ( )
GFPA ( )
(1 GS R) 2 4GS R sin 2 [( 0 ) L / v]
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(2-21)
Trang 168
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cc tham s
H s khuch i ca FPA khi R= 0,3; 0,03
GFPA max
GFPA()
GFPA (R=0.3)
GFPA (R=0.03)
GFPA min
GTWA (R=0)
Hnh 2.42a
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0
Trang 169
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

(SOA)
Cc tham s ca SOA

Xuyn nhiu trong SOA
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Trang 170
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cc tham s
H s khuch i ca TWA
H s khuch i ca
TWA c xc nh nh
h s khuch i ca
FPA khi R1=R2=R=0
GFPA max
GFPA()
GFPA (R=0.3)
GFPA (R=0.03)
GFPA min
GTWA (R=0)
Hnh 2.42b
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Trang 171
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cc tham s
Mt s nhn xt:
Ti cc tn s cng hng 0=(2fN)/(2L) vi N l s nguyn, h s khuch
i ca FPA t gi tr cc i. Gia cc tn s cng hng, h s khuch i
ca FPA gim nhanh chng.
Do , di tn khuch i (c xc nh ti v tr -3dB so vi h s khuch
i nh) ca FPA nh so vi di tn khuch i ca TWA. V vy, FPA khng
thch hp vi cc ng dng khuch i trong h thng thng tin quang.
Khi h s phn x R=0.03, G() tin gn ti Gs nhng vn cn gn sng nh.
gn sng ny c th c loi b bng cch gim h s phn x hn na
b khuch i tr thnh TWA.
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Trang 172
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

(SOA)
Cc tham s ca SOA

Xuyn nhiu trong SOA
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Trang 173
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cc tham s
Xuyn nhiu trong SOA
- Cc loi xuyn nhiu:
Xuyn nhiu xy ra khi cc tn hiu quang khc nhau
c khuch i ng thi trong cng mt b khuch
i.
C hai loi xuyn nhiu xy ra trong SOA:
- Xuyn nhiu knh do hiu ng trn bn bc sng
FWM
- Xuyn nhiu knh gy nn do hin tng bo ha
h s khuch i .
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Trang 174
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cc tham s
Xuyn nhiu trong SOA
Xuyn nhiu knh do hiu ng trn bn bc
sng FWM:
- Xuyn nhiu knh xy ra do hiu ng trn
bn bc sng FWM l nh hng ca hiu
ng phi tuyn trong SOA to ra.
- Xuyn nhiu ny nh hng ch yu i vi
h thng thng tin quang WDM.
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Trang 175
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cc tham s
Xuyn nhiu trong SOA
Xuyn nhiu knh do hin tng bo ha h s khuch i
xy ra trong SOA:
- Khi 2 bc sng nm trong bng thng ca SOA, th s c
mt ca tn hiu th hai s lm suy gim mt in t
vng nng lng cao trong qu trnh bc x kch thch,
dn n s nghch o nng tn hiu th nht gim
xung.
Do , tn hiu th nht s khng c khuch i ging
nh tn hiu th hai, v nu mt in t vng nng
lng cao khng ln th tn hiu th nht c th b hp
th.
- Qu trnh ny xy ra ng thi i vi c hai tn hiu.
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Trang 176
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cc tham s
Xuyn nhiu trong SOA
- nh hng ca xuyn nhiu knh trong SOA:
Khi truyn 2 hay nhiu knh tn hiu, nh hng ca xuyn nhiu knh trong
SOA lm cho h s khuch i ca SOA ti mc 1 ca hai tn hiu 1 v 2 xy
ra ng thi gim i. Do o, tn hiu ra ca mc ny s nh hn so vi bnh
thng.
H s khuch i
gim do xuyn nhiu
Tin hiu #1
0
Hnh 2.43
Tn hiu #2
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0
1
SOA
0
0
0
1
Trang 177
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cc tham s
Xuyn nhiu trong SOA
- Mt s nhn xt:
Hin tng xuyn nhiu ph thuc vo thi gian sng ca in t
trng thi nng lng cao. Nu thi gian sng ln so vi tc
dao ng ca cng sut trong cc tn hiu vo, cc in t khng
th chuyn t trng thi nng lng cao xung trng thi nng
lng thp do s dao ng ny. Do , khng c xuyn nhiu xy
ra.
i vi cc SOA, thi gian sng ny mc ns. Do , cc in t d
dng phn ng li s dao ng cng sut ca cc tn hiu c iu
ch tc Gb/s, dn n mt s suy yu h thng chnh do xuyn
nhiu.
Trong khi , thi gian sng pht x t pht trong EDFA l khong
10ms. Do , xuyn nhiu ch c mt nu tc iu ch ca cc
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Trang
178
B MN:
THNG
TIN ny
QUANG
- KHOAtVT1
tn hiu vo thp hn
vi kHz,
iu
thng
gp trong thc
t.
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

(SOA)
Tng quan
Cu trc SOA
Cc b SOA
Cc tham s ca SOA
Cc ng dng ca SOA
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Trang 179
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Trong SOA c cc hiu ng phi tuyn.
Cc hiu ng phi tuyn ny th s dng thc hin cc chc
nng rt hu ch trong mng quang trong sut.
Cc hiu ng phi tuyn xy ra ch yu do s thay i mt ht ti
to ra bi tn hiu u vo b khuch i.
Nm hiu ng phi tuyn chnh l:
- iu ch h s khuch i cho (XGM),
- iu ch pha cho (XPM),
- T iu ch pha (SPM)
- iu bin phn cc cho v
- Trn bn sng (FWM).
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Trang 180
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

1. iu ch h s khuch i cho
Ph li vt liu ca mt SOA m rng ng u. iu ny c
ngha l s thay i mt ht ti trong b khuch i s nh
hng ti tt c cc tn hiu u vo.
Do , mt tn hiu mnh ti mt bc sng c th nh hng
ti h s khuch i ca mt tn hiu yu mt bc sng
khc.
C ch phi tuyn ny c gi l iu ch h s khuch i
cho XGM.
XGM c th s dng to ra cc b chuyn i bc sng
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Trang 181
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

2. S iu ch pha cho (XPS)
Ch s chit sut ca vng tch cc trong SOA khng phi l hng
s m ph thuc vo mt ht ti v do ph thuc vo h s
khuch i.
Nu nhiu tn hiu cng c a vo trong mt SOA s xy ra
hiu ng XPM gia cc tn hiu .
XPM c th s dng to ra cc b chuyn i bc sng v cc
phn t chc nng khc. Tuy nhin, do XPM ch to ra thay i pha,
SOA phi c t trong cu hnh giao thoa k chuyn s thay
i v pha ca tn hiu thnh s thay i v cng .
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Trang 182
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

3. S t iu ch pha
Ch s chit sut ca vng tch cc trong SOA khng phi l hng s m ph

thuc vo mt ht ti v do ph thuc vo h s khuch i.
Khi mt xung tn hiu c tim vo truyn qua SOA, n gy ra s thay i

mt ht ti in, v vy thay i h s truyn ca n (qua chit sut hiu
dng). Bi v thi gian sng ca ht ti in l xc nh, sn trc ca xung
chu mt s dch pha khc so vi sn sau.
S t iu pha ny (SPM) s thay i hnh dng xung cng nh ph ca n.
Hin tng ny c th c dng to ra mt b b tn sc s lm

hp xung SPM c dng b s m rng xung do s tn sc trong si
quang. Thit b ny c tim nng ln trong vic tng sc cha ca cc
ng truyn si quang tm xa tc cao .
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Trang 183
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

4. S iu bin phn cc cho
a s cc SOA thng mi c c tnh khng ph thuc vo s
phn cc. Tuy nhin, vn tn ti mt s lng chit trong SOA do
s khc nhau gia cc ch s hiu dng mode TE v TM ca b
khuch i. Mt s khc nhau v ch s rt nh (c 2.10 -4 i vi
thit b di 2mm bc sng 1550nm) c th gy ra s dch pha
tng i TE-TM ln .
S iu bin phn cc cho ny (XPOM) c th nh hng n
hiu sut ca cc cu trc giao thoa hoc trn bn sng khi dng
cc SOA.
Tuy nhin, n c th c dng trong s tch knh v cc ng
dng chuyn i bc sng .
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Trang 184
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

5. Hiu ng trn bn bc sng
Tng t nh Laser, trong b khuch i SOA cng tn ti tnh phi
tuyn. Do , trong qu trnh khuch i tn hiu nh sng truyn
dn trong SOA c th xy ra hiu ng trn cc bc sng gia cc
trng quang.
V d, i vi 2 trng quang: mt tn hiu nh sng cng sut ln
hn ti tn s gc 0 v mt tn hiu nh sng c cng sut yu hn
ti tn s gc 0 - , hai tn hiu ny c cng phn cc. Cc tn
hiu quang i vo s lm cho h s khuch i b iu ch ti tn
s .
Ngc li, vic iu ch h s khuch i s to ra trng tn hiu
mi tn s 0 + .
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Trang 185
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

5. Hiu ng trn bn bc sng
Trng mi c gi l lin hp bi v pha ca n ngc vi
pha ca tn hiu. iu ny c ngha l ph ca ca tn hiu lin
hp b dch chuyn v b o ngc kiu so vi tn hiu u vo.
S trn bn sng c to ra trong cc SOA c th c s
dng trong nhiu ng dng bao gm cc b chuyn i bc
sng, b b tn sc v b tch knh quang hc .
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Trang 186
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

(SOA)
Tng quan
Cu trc SOA
Cc b SOA
Cc tham s ca SOA
Cc ng dng ca SOA
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Trang 187
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

ng dng ca SOA
Vi cc c tnh k thut trn, SOA c nhiu khuyt im so vi EDFA khi
c dng lm khuch i quang. Do , mc d SOA c nghin cu
v ch to trc EDFA, nhng SOA t c s dng lm b khuch i
quang trong h thng WDM cng nh cc h thng truyn dn quang
khc hin nay.
Thay vo , da trn cc hiu ng phi tuyn p ng nhanh ca SOA,
SOA c dng trong cc ng dng khc ca h thng thng tin quang
nh:
- B bin i bc sng,
- Tch/ghp knh quang,
- Cc cng v logic quang,
- Cc ng dng B
x MN:
l tn THNG
hiu quang,...
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TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1
Trang 188
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

ng dng ca SOA
1. ng dng khuch i tn hiu quang
Cc ng dng c bn ca SOA trong cc h thng thng tin quang
c th phn thnh ba loi:
-
Khuch i cng sut tng cng sut pht ca laser
Khuch i ng truyn b suy hao truyn dn ca si

quang
Tin khuch i ci thin nhy thu
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

ng dng ca SOA
1. ng dng khuch i tn hiu quang
Hnh 2.43
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

ng dng ca SOA
2. Chuyn i bc sng
C rt nhiu cu hnh chuyn i bc sng s dng SOA khc nhau.
y ch xin gii thiu cu hnh SOA s dng hiu ng XPM
Hnh 2.44 m t b chuyn i bc sng s dung SOA XPM
Hnh 2.44
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Trang 191
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
3. Cng quang
Mng thng tin quang WDM v TDM tc cao trong tng lai cn cc b
chuyn mch (cng) quang tc cao c iu khin bi tn hiu quang
hoc in .
Nhng b chuyn mch quang nh vy c th xy dng t cc SOA . u
im ca cng SOA l c th tch hp nhiu cng to thnh dn chuyn
mch. Trong modul chuyn mch 2x2 (hnh 2.45), gi s liu i vo c th
nh tuyn ti cng ra bt k nh chuyn mch trn SOA tng ng .
Hnh 2.45
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Trang 192
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

ng dng ca SOA
4. Logic quang
Logic quang rt hu ch cho cc ng dng x l tn hiu ton
quang trong mng quang tc cao
Hnh 2.46 m t mt cng NOR s dng SOA
Hnh 2.46
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Trang 193
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
5. Tch/ghp knh
Hnh 2.47 m t b ADM bc sng s dng SOA mt b SOA t hp vi mt
b lc kh chnh.
B lc c th iu chnh bng cch thay i dng in. Knh bc sng c
la chn ( 3) b phn x bi b lc v c khuch i ln th hai nh b
khuch i a ging lng t MQW v tch ra nh mt b nh hng
(circulator). Cc knh cn li ( 1 v 2) i xuyn qua b lc, sau c ghp
vi mt knh bc sng mi.
Hnh 2.47
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Trang 194
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
KHUCH I QUANG
2.1 GII THIU CHUNG
2.2.1. KHUCH I QUANG S DNG SI PHA ERBIUM
(EDFA)
2.2.2. KHUCH I QUANG S DNG HIU NG RAMAN
(RA)
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Trang 195
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
u nhc im ca khuch i EDFA

u im:
1. Ngun laser bm bn dn c tin cy cao, gn v cng sut cao.
2. Cu hnh n gin: h gi thnh ca h thng.
3. Cu trc nh gn: c th lp t nhiu EDFA trong cng mt trm,
d vn chuyn v thay th.
4. Cng sut ngun nui nh: thun li khi p dng cho cc tuyn
thng tin quang vt bin.
5. Khng c nhiu xuyn knh khi khuch i cc tn hiu WDM nh
b khuch i quang bn dn.
6. Hu nh khng ph thuc vo phn cc ca tn hiu.
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Trang 196
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
u nhc im ca khuch i EDFA

Nhc im:
1. Ph khuch i ca EDFA khng bng phng.
2. Bng tn hin nay b gii hn trong bng C v bng L.
3. Nhiu c tch ly qua nhiu chng khuch i gy hn ch c
ly truyn dn.
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Trang 197
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
u nhc im ca khuch i Raman

u im:
1.
Nhiu thp
2.
Cu trc n gin, khng cn si c bit.
3.
D chn bng tn.
4.
C th t c bng thng rng nh kt hp vi laser bm
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Trang 198
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
u nhc im ca khuch i Raman

Nhc im:
1. Xuyn nhiu gia cc knh tn hiu do hin tng tn x
Raman kch thch SRS. y l mt trong cc hiu ng phi
tuyn ca si quang c th gy nh hng n cht lng
ca h thng ghp knh theo bc sng WDM.
2. H s khuch i thp.
3. Hiu sut khuch i thp hn so vi EDFA: khuch i
Raman cn mt cng sut bm ln hn t cng mt gi
tr h s khuch i
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Trang 199
BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
u nhc im ca khuch i SOA

u im:
1. H s khuch i ln (25-30dB).
2. Kch thc nh, c th tch hp vi cc linh kin quang
bn dn khc.
3. Di thng ln, c th ln ti 100 nm, rng hn so vi
EDFA.
4. C th thc hin khuch i tn hiu c hai ca s nh
sng 1300nm v 1550 nm.
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG
u nhc im ca khuch i SOA

Nhc im:
1. Cng sut ra bo ha thp (khong 5mW) hn ch kh nng ca SOA
khi c s dng lm b khuch i cng sut.
2. H s nhiu cao (5-7 dB) nh hng n cht lng ca SOA khi c
s dng lm b tin khuch i v khuch i ng dy.
3. Ph thuc vo phn cc ca tn hiu quang ti
4. Xuyn nhiu knh ln do cc hiu ng phi tuyn: hiu ng trn 4 bc
sng FWM v hiu ng bo ha h s khuch i cho
5. Ph khuch i c dng gn sng do khng hon ho ca lp chng
phn x to ra
6. Km n nh do h s khuch i chu nh hng ca nhit
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

CU HI V BI TP
1. Nhim v ca khuch i quang (OA) trong h thng WDM l:
a. Ngn khng cho tn hiu quang phn x v pha my pht.
b. B suy hao trn ng truyn.
c. B tn sc trn ng truyn.
2. Trng thi nghch o nng trong SOA c thc hin bng cch:
a. S dng khoang cng hng Fabry-Perot.
b. S dng dng in phn cc thun.
c. Bm nh sng c bc sng 1480nm.
3. Mi trng xy ra qu trnh khuch i trong EDFA l:
a. Khoang cng hng Fabry-Perot.
b. Si quang pha Erbium.
c. Cht bn dn.
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BI GING MN
MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

CU HI V BI TP
4. rng bng tn khuch i ca EDFA l t:
a. 980nm n 1480nm.
b. 1480nm n 1550nm.
c. 1530nm n 1565nm.
4. u im ca khuch i Raman so vi khuch i quang si EDFA l:
a. H s khuch i ln hn.
b. Linh ng hn trong vic chn bng tng khuch i.
c. S dng laser bm c cng sut nh hn.
6. S dng k thut khuch i Raman vi cc ngun bm c bc sng ln
lt l 1450nm v 1520nm c th khuch i tn hiu quang c bc sng
l:
a. 1310nm v 1550nm.
b. Trong bng C.
c. Trong bng C v bng L.
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MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

CU HI V BI TP
7. Nguyn nhn gy ra nhiu ASE trong khuch i quang l do:
a. Hin tng trn bn sng quang (FWM).
b. Hin tng pht x t pht.
c. Xuyn nhiu gia tn hiu v ngun bm.
8. So vi khuch i ng dy, khuch i cng sut c c im:
a. Nhiu nh hn.
b. Cng sut u ra bo ho ln hn.
c. Bng thng khuch i nh hn.
9. Cho Pin l cng sut tn hiu ti u vo; G v PASE l h s khuch i v
cng sut nhiu ASE ca b khuch i. Hy xc nh cng sut quang thu
c ti u ra, Pout, ca b khuch i.
10. Cho Pin, Pout l cng sut tn hiu ti u vo v u ra; Nin, Nout l cng
sut nhiu ti u vo v u ra; G v PASE l h s khuch i v cng
sut nhiu ASE ca b khuch i. Hy xc nh h s nhiu NF (Noise
Figure) ca b khuch i.
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BI GING MN

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

2.3. SO SNH CC LOI B KHUCH I

B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

2.3. SO SNH CC LOI B KHUCH I

B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Khuch i trc tip tn hiu quang.

Khng ph thuc vo tc bit v phng thc iu ch tn

Khuch i ng thi c nhiu knh bc sng khc nhau

B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Pin v Pout l cng sut u vo v u ra ca b khuch i quang

B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Cng sut ra bo ha Psat, out ca mt b khuch i quang cho bit cng

B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

Pout = G.Pin + PASE

B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

4. Nhiu b khuch i (tip)

trong , SNRin, SNRout l t s tn hiu trn nhiu ti u vo v u ra

B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

B MN: THNG TIN QUANG - KHOA VT1

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG

: Semiconductor Optical Amplifier

RFA: Raman-based Fiber Amplifier

: Optical Fiber Amplifier

MNG TRUYN TI QUANG