Resistencia de Materiales

Anlisis de Propiedades, Esfuerzo y

Deformacin
M.C. Hctor Len Torres
hector.leon@upq.edu.mx

Review of Statics
The structure is designed to support a 30 kN load, the structure consists of a boom
and rod joined by pins (zero moment connections) at the junctions and supports.
a) Perform a static analysis to determine the internal force in each structural member
and the reaction forces at the supports

Review of Statics

Structure Free-Body Diagram

Structure is detached from supports and

the loads and reaction forces are
indicated
Conditions for static equilibrium:
M C 0 Ax 0.6 m 30 kN 0.8 m
Ax 40 kN

Fx 0 Ax C x
C x Ax 40 kN

Fy 0 Ay C y 30 kN 0
Ay C y 30 kN

Ay and Cy can not be determined from

these equations

Review of Statics
Component Free-Body Diagram
In addition to the complete structure, each
component must satisfy the conditions for
static equilibrium
Consider a free-body diagram for the boom:
M B 0 Ay 0.8 m
Ay 0

substitute into the structure

equilibrium equation
C y 30 kN

Results:
A 40 kN C x 40 kN C y 30 kN

Reaction forces are directed along

boom and rod

Review of Statics

The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e.,

the members are subjected to only two forces
which are applied at member ends
For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to
to an axis between the force application points,
equal in magnitude, and in opposite directions

Joints must satisfy the conditions for static

equilibrium which may be expressed in the
form of a force triangle:

F
B 0

FAB FBC 30 kN

4
5
3
FAB 40 kN

FBC 50 kN
5

Review of Statics
Can the structure safely support the 30 kN
load?
From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
At any section through member BC, the
internal force is 50 kN with a force intensity
or stress of
dBC = 20 mm

P
50 103 N
BC
159 MPa
A 314 10 -6 m 2

From the material properties for steel, the

allowable stress is
all 165 MPa

Review of Statics
Problem 1
Determine the magnitude of the resultant force (FR=F1+F2), and its direction, measured counterclockwise from the
positive x axis.

Review of Statics
Problem 2
The vertical force F acts downwards at A on the two membered frame. Determine the magnitudes of the two
components of F directed along the axes of AB and AC, set F= 500 N

Review of Statics
Problem 3
The members of a truss are pin-connected at joint O. Determine the magnitudes of F1 an F2 for equilibrium. Set

Review of Statics
Problem 4
Determine the moment about point A of each of the three forces acting on the beam.

10

Programa de revisin de temas

Parcial #

Fechas

05-06/Sep.

06-07/Sep.
07-08 /Sep.
12-29 /Sep.

Tema
Presentacin ante el grupo
Presentacin de la asignatura
Criterios de evaluacin
Fechas de exmenes

Ref. bsica
Presentacin de inicio
Gua de asignatura

Identificar las principales propiedades de Introduccin a la Ciencia de

los materiales en ingeniera as como su Materiales
comportamiento bajo cargas
Cap. 1 (1.1 al 1.3)

Repaso de esttica

Esttica (R.C. Hibbeler)

Libro en plataforma

Calcular las deformaciones y deflexin de

estructuras bidimensionales sencillas
Mecnica de Mat. Beer
sujetas a cargas axiales
Cap. 1
Calcular las deformaciones en elementos Mecnica de Mat. Beer
sometidos a fuerzas transversales
Cap. 2
Calcular a partir del factor de
Mecnica de Mat. Beer
concentracin de esfuerzos la mxima
fuerza axial permitida en un elemento con Cap. 2
filete o agujero

Dudas especificas sobre problemas Consulta para dudas

03-04/Oct
05-06/Oct.

Examen 1er Parcial

Revisin de calificaciones 1er
Parcial

Sala 3D, horario de clase

Personalizado, en aula de clase

Objetivos de la unidad
1. Anlisis de Propiedades, Esfuerzo y Deformacin
Identificar las principales propiedades de los materiales
en ingeniera as como su comportamiento bajo cargas.
Calcular las deformaciones y deflexin de estructuras
bidimensionales sencillas sujetas a cargas axiales.
Calcular las deformaciones en elementos sometidos a
fuerzas transversales.
Calcular a partir del factor de concentracin de esfuerzos
la mxima fuerza axial permitida en un elemento con
filete o agujero.
The main objective of the study of mechanics of materials is to provide the future
engineer with the means of analyzing and designing various machines and load bearing
structures.
Both the analysis and design of a given structure involve the determination of stresses and
deformations.

Concept of Stress
Axial Loading: Normal Stress
The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
The force intensity on that section is defined as
the normal stress.
F
A0 A

lim

ave

P
A

The normal stress at a particular point may not be

equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P ave A dF dA
A

The detailed distribution of stress is statically

indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.
1 - 13

Concept of Stress
Centric & Eccentric Loading
A uniform distribution of stress in a section
infers that the line of action for the resultant of
the internal forces passes through the centroid
of the section.
A uniform distribution of stress is only
possible if the concentrated loads on the end
sections of two-force members are applied at
the section centroids. This is referred to as
centric loading.
If a two-force member is eccentrically
loaded, then the resultant of the stress
distribution in a section must yield an axial
force and a moment.
The stress distributions in eccentrically loaded
members cannot be uniform or symmetric.
1 - 14

Concept of Stress
Shearing Stress
Forces P and P are applied transversely to the
member AB.
Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
The resultant of the internal shear force
distribution is defined as the shear of the section
and is equal to the load P.
The corresponding average shear stress is,
ave

P
A

Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the

member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to
be uniform.
1 - 15

Concept of Stress
Shearing Stress Examples
Single Shear

ave
1 - 16

P F

A A

Double Shear

ave

P F

A 2A

Concept of Stress
Bearing Stress in Connections
Bolts, rivets, and pins create
stresses on the points of
contact or bearing surfaces of
the members they connect.
The resultant of the force
distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.
Corresponding average force
intensity is called the bearing
stress,
b

1 - 17

P P

A td

Concept of Stress
Stress Analysis & Design Example
Would like to determine the
stresses in the members and
connections of the structure
shown.
From a statics analysis:
FAB = 40 kN
(compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
Must consider maximum
normal stresses in AB and
BC, and the shearing stress
and bearing stress at each
pinned connection

1 - 18

Concept of Stress
Rod & Boom Normal Stresses
The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.
At the rod center, the average normal stress in the
circular cross-section (A = 314x10-6m2) is BC = +159
MPa.
At the flattened rod ends, the smallest cross-sectional
area occurs at the pin centerline,
A 20 mm 40 mm 25 mm 300 10 6 m 2
P
50 103 N
BC,end
167 MPa
A 300 10 6 m 2

The boom is in compression with an axial force of 40

kN and average normal stress of 26.7 MPa.
The minimum area sections at the boom ends are
unstressed since the boom is in compression.
1 - 19

Concept of Stress
Pin Shearing Stresses
The cross-sectional area for pins at A, B,
and C,
25 mm
A r

491 10 6 m 2

The force on the pin at C is equal to the

force exerted by the rod BC,
P
50 103 N
C , ave
102 MPa

6
2
A 491 10 m

The pin at A is in double shear with a

total force equal to the force exerted by
the boom AB,
A, ave
1 - 20

P
20 kN

40.7 MPa
A 491 10 6 m 2

Concept of Stress
Pin Shearing Stresses
Divide the pin at B into sections to determine
the section with the largest shear force,
PE 15 kN
PG 25 kN (largest)

Evaluate the corresponding average

shearing stress,
B, ave

1 - 21

PG
25 kN

50.9 MPa
A 491 10 6 m 2

Concept of Stress
Pin Bearing Stresses

To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom AB,

we have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
b

P
40 kN

53.3 MPa
td 30 mm 25 mm

To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket,

we have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,
b

1 - 22

P
40 kN

32.0 MPa
td 50 mm 25 mm

Concept of Stress
Stress in Two Force Members
Axial forces on a two force
member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
Transverse forces on bolts and
pins result in only shear stresses
on the plane perpendicular to bolt
or pin axis.
Will show that either axial or
transverse forces may produce both
normal and shear stresses with respect
to a plane other than one cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
1 - 23

Concept of Stress
Stress on an Oblique Plane
Pass a section through the member forming
an angle with the normal plane.
From equilibrium conditions, the
distributed forces (stresses) on the plane
must be equivalent to the force P.
Resolve P into components normal and
tangential to the oblique section,
F P cos

V P sin

The average normal and shear stresses on

the oblique plane are

1 - 24

F
P cos
P

cos2
A A0
A0
cos
V
P sin
P

sin cos
A A0
A0
cos

Concept of Stress
Maximum Stresses
Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique
plane

P
cos2
A0

P
sin cos
A0

The maximum normal stress occurs when the

reference plane is perpendicular to the member
axis,
m

P
A0

The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at

+ 45o with respect to the axis,
m

1 - 25

P
P
sin 45 cos 45

A0
2 A0

Concept of Stress
Stress Under General Loadings
A member subjected to a general
combination of loads is cut into
two segments by a plane passing
through Q
The distribution of internal stress
components may be defined as,
F x
x lim
A0 A

xy lim

A0

V yx
A

Vzx
xz lim
A0 A

For equilibrium, an equal and

opposite internal force and stress
distribution must be exerted on
the other segment of the member.
1 - 26

Concept of Stress
State of Stress
Stress components are defined for the planes
cut parallel to the x, y and z axes. For
equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses are
exerted on the hidden planes.
The combination of forces generated by the
stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
Fx Fy Fz 0
Mx My Mz 0
Consider the moments about the z axis:
M z 0 xy A a yx A a
xy yx
similarly, yz zy

1 - 27

and yz zy

It follows that only 6 components of stress

are required to define the complete state of
stress

Concept of Stress
Factor of Safety
Structural members or
machines must be designed
such that the working stresses
are less than the ultimate
strength of the material.
FS Factor of safety
FS

1 - 28

u
ultimate stress

all allowable stress

Factor of safety considerations:

uncertainty in material properties
uncertainty of loadings
uncertainty of analyses
number of loading cycles
types of failure
maintenance requirements and
deterioration effects
importance of member to structures
integrity
risk to life and property
influence on machine function

Concept of Stress
Problem 1
Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as shown.
Determine the magnitude of the force P for which the tensile stress in rod AB is twice the
magnitude of the compressive stress in rod BC.

29

Concept of Stress
Problem 2
Knowing P = 160 kN, determine the average normal stress at the midsection of
a) Rod AB
b) Rod BC

30

Concept of Stress
Problem 3
Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as shown.
Knowing that the average normal stress must not exceed 175 Mpa in rod AB and 150 Mpa in
rod BC, determine the smallets allowable values for d1 and d2.

31

Concept of Stress
Problem 4
A 6 mm diameter pin is used at connection C of the pedal shown. Knowing that P = 500
N, determine:
a) The average shearing stress in the pin
b) The nominal bearing stress in the pedal C
c) The nominal bearing stress in each support bracket at C

32

Concept of Stress
Problem 5
Member ABC, which is supported by a pin and bracket at C and a cable BD, was
designed to support the 16 kN load P as shown. Knowing that the ultimate load for
cable BD is 100 kN, determine:
a) Security factor with respect to the cable failure

33

Concept of Stress
Problem 6
Two wooden members of uniform rectangular cross section are joined by the simple
glued scarf splice shown. Knowing that maximum allowable tensile stress in the glued
splice is 560 kPa, determine:
a) The largest load P that can be safely applied
b) The corresponding shearing stress in the splice

34

Concept of Stress
Problem 7
A steel loop ABCD of length 1.2 m and 10 mm diameter is placed around 24 mm
diameter aluminum, rod cables BE and DF each of 12 mm diameter, are used to apply
the load Q. Knowing that the ultimate strength of the steel used for the steel and the
cables is 480 MPa
a) Determine the largest load Q, that can be applied if an overall factor of safety of 3
is desired.

35

Concept of Stress
Problema 8
En el soporte mostrado la porcin superior del eslabn ABC es de 3/8 in. de grueso y las
porciones inferiores son cada uno de 1/4 in. de grueso. Se utiliza resina epxica para unir la
porcin superior con la inferior en B. El pasador en A tiene un dimetro de 3/8 in. mientras que en
C se emplea un pasador de 1/4 in. Determine
a) el esfuerzo cortante en el pasador A,
b) el esfuerzo cortante en el pasador C,
c) el mximo esfuerzo normal en el eslabn ABC,
d) el esfuerzo cortante promedio en las superficies pegadas en B y
e) el esfuerzo de apoyo en el eslabn en C

36

Questions?
Comments?