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MSE 250: Structure and Properties of Materials: 2. Atomic Structure & Atomic Bonding
MSE 250: Structure and Properties of Materials: 2. Atomic Structure & Atomic Bonding
Expected Outcome
Key concepts:
Skills:
Atomic structure;
Atomic radius;
Electronegativity;
Atomic bonding;
Thermal expansion
10 cm
10 nm
10 m
Atomic structure
An atom is composed of
positively charged Proton (+),
neutron and negatively charged
electron (-). Protons and
neutrons make up the nucleus.
Ionic Radius
A cation is always
smaller than the
associated atom
A anion is always
larger than the
associated atom
Atomic bonding
Primary
Bonding:
Covalent
Metallic
Secondary
Bonding:
Ionic
Metallic Bonding
Both atoms have low electronegativity (less than 1.8), so valence
(outermost) electrons are only weakly attracted by specific
atoms, and hence are shared between the atoms, e.g., Fe +Fe,
Fe+Ni
Covalent Bonding
Both atoms have high electronegativity (above 1.8) that are
similar, so that electrons are attracted strongly and shared
equally between two atoms, e.g., H +H, H+Cl
Ionic Bonding
One atom has a much higher electronegativity than the other, so
that one atom attracts electrons more strongly than the other
: mostly ionic
Atomic bonding
Primary
Bonding:
Covalent
Metallic
Secondary
Bonding:
Ionic
Thermal Expansion
Most materials expand when heated
1 d
2700
410-6
2323
910-6
Metals : Steel
1800
1110-6
Al
933
2410-6
105
12010-6
85
19010-6
Materials
Ceramics : SiC
Al2O3
Polymers : Polyethylene
PVC
1.1*10 3
Thermal Expansion
As atoms vibrate, easy to move apart, but difficult to move closer
As temperature increases, average bond length increases.
Expected Outcome
Key concepts:
Skills:
Atomic structure;
Atomic radius;
Electronegativity;
Atomic bonding;
Thermal expansion