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Lect 9 Mech III
Lect 9 Mech III
Lect 9 Mech III
Expected Outcome
Key concepts:
Different types of failure (fracture, fatigue, creep)
Fracture toughness
Fatigue strength, fatigue life
Creep rate
Skills:
Compute fracture toughness for given loading condition
Determine fatigue strength and fatigue life from given
fatigue experimental data
Explain the mechanism for fatigue fracture
Explain different stages of creep
Types of failure
Fracture
Fatigue
Creep
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CVZ5
YS8vGhU
Fracture
Cracks weaken materials by concentrating stress at the crack tip.
Stress intensity
K1 y a
where
K1 = stress intensity
= applied stress
y= geometric factor (usually y1)
a= crack length
K1 (Mpa-
m)
Steel
50 150
Aluminum
25 45
Window glass
0.1 0.8
K12c
a 2 2
y
*
if the crack length is greater than the critical crack size a*, then
fracture occurs.
Defining Crack Size :
a
external crack
2a
internal crack
Toughness
Definition: Ability to absorb mechanical energy during plastic
deformation (note this is different from fracture toughness K 1C, but
they are related to one another).
High toughness requires a combination of strength and ductility.
Toughness can be approximated by the area under the stress-strain
curve.
Concrete
Steel
S tr e s s
( )
S tre s s
( )
-
S t r a in (
H ig h s t r e n g t h
= > lo w t o u g h n e s s
L o w d u c t ilit y
S t r a in (
H ig h s t r e n g t h
= > h ig h t o u g h n e s s
H ig h d u c t ilit y
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpGhqQvftAo
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9Gb
hHFaTmk
Fatigue
Repeated small stresses cause slow crack growth, leading to fracture.
Fatigue lifetime depends on the magnitude of the stress and the number
of times that the stress is applied.
fracture
Examples of Fatigue
Aloha Airlines Boeing 737: On April 28, 1988
A Boeing 737-200 flying between the Hawaiian Islands suffered a major
disaster, with its top hard ripped off in mid-flight. One flight attendant
fell to her death. Luckily, the pilots were able to land the damaged plane
without further loss of life.
(related site : http://www.aloha.net/~icarus/)
Some materials have a fatigue limit and repeated stresses below that limit
are safe.
(1) Determine the fatigue life at stress amplitude 150 MPa. (2) Determine the
fatigue stress for 1000 cycles. What strength amplitude would you suggest for
1000 cycles, assuming 10% fluctuation in fatigue stress.
A fatigue test is carried out on a steel having an ultimate strength of 289 MPa. The number of
cycles required to break the specimen at different stresses are given below:
Stress Amplitude Fatigue Life
(MPa)
(cycles)
223
4.5 x 104
209
2.4 x 105
192
8.0 x 105
178
1.5 x 106
175
2.7 x 106
168
7.8 x 106
168
>1.0 x 107 (did not break)
165
>2.6 x 107
162
>2.2 x 107
a) Plot the data on linear-log scale, preferably with a computerized figure-plotting program.
b) Determine the average fatigue strength at 10 6 cycles (hint: use curve-fitting software to fit the
line).
c) What is the ratio of the fatigue strength at 10 6 cycles to the ultimate strength?
e) If you plan to use this material for 10 8 cycles, what is the maximum fatigue strength you would
recommend (assuming 20% fluctuations in stress amplitude).
An example of creep
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opPWc
eW-YKc
Long-term loading
Elevated temperature
Creep
Slow plastic deformation due to moderate stresses and high temperature
T H R E E ST A G E S O F C R E E P
Fe
g lid e
S t r e ss a p p l i e d
tim e
F e3C
*
I Instantaneous
strain when stress
applied; strain
increases as stress
continues
Expected Outcome
Key concepts:
Different types of failure (fracture, fatigue, creep)
Fracture toughness
Fatigue strength, fatigue life
Creep rate
Skills:
Compute fracture toughness for given loading condition
Determine fatigue strength and fatigue life from given
fatigue experimental data
Explain the mechanism for fatigue fracture
Explain different stages of creep