MSE 250: Structure and Properties of Materials

7. Mechanical Properties I

Instructor: Prof. Yang Jiao (yang.jiao.2@asu.edu)

Office: Engineering Research Center Rm 387
Phone: 480-965-4560

Expected Outcome
Key concepts:
Stress and strain
Stress-strain curve
Elastic moduli, yield stress, ultimate stress, ductility
Tensile test

Skills:
Draw stress-strain curve for typical metal
Determine Elastic moduli, yield stress, ultimate stress,
ductility
Compute stress/strain in a material under given loading
conditions

Mechanical Properties
Stress:

Force
Area

Strain:

Length
Length

Applied stress results in strain of material

Deformation can be temporary (elastic) or permanent (plastic)

Uniaxial Tensile Stress:

l
2

l
l

l
2

Youngs Modulus = stiffness of material = E

Contraction in other two directions given by Poissons ratio =

lateral strain

tensile
strain

Typically, = 0.2 ~ 0.4 for solids.

Poissons ratio

Poissons ratio

Poissons ratio

Bulk modulus

Volume change: dV
Applied pressure (normal stress): P
Bulk modulus: K = - V*P/dV

K = E/[3(1-2v)], E- Youngs modulus, v Possions ratio

Shear

: shear stress
: shear strain

aa' displacement

unit length
ad

Shear Modulus:

a a'

and

E = 2G (1+)

Temperature effects
E, G, and K all decrease as temperature increases (material softens)
From 0K to Tmp, metals lose ~ E
For glasses, softening occurs at Tg

A steel wire with a cross-section area 2.5X10-3 m2 and a length of 10

m is used to pull a truck on the road. The truck is 10 tons and the
friction coefficient between the tires and road is 0.25N/kg. Steel has
a Youngs modulus 250MPa and Poissons ratio 0.3.

(1) compute the stress of the wire

(2) compute the strain of the wire
(3) compute the elongation of the wire
(4) compute the % of change of the cross section area

Stress-strain curve: Tensile Test

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D8U4G
5kcpcM

Typical Stress-Strain Curve for a Metal

U

yield: stress which results in permanent strain of 0.2%

ultimate: largest stress required to deform material (tensile strength)
fracture: stress at fracture (lower than u due to necking, void formation)

Ductility
Ductility can be defined as the permanent strain at fracture

A steel has a Youngs modulus 250 MPa, yield stress 1000 Pa, tensile
stress 1500 Pa with strain 0.05, fracture stress 1200 Pa and ductility
0.1.
Draw a stress-strain curve for this steel based on the given properties.

Hardness
Hardness is determined by pressing a hard indentor into a material, and
measuring the size of the indentation

It is a quick, easy, non-destructive test, so it is widely used. Hardness

values can be used to estimate tensile strength.

Orientation effects
E and G vary by factor of 2 or
more depending on crystal
direction.

Most metals are highly

polycrystalline Variations in E
and G averaged out

However, if orient grains along

particular direction, can alter E
and G in that direction.

Expected Outcome
Key concepts:
Stress and strain
Stress-strain curve
Elastic moduli, yield stress, ultimate stress, ductility
Tensile test

Skills:
Draw stress-strain curve for typical metal
Determine Elastic moduli, yield stress, ultimate stress,
ductility
Compute stress/strain in a material under given loading
conditions