ELEMSTA

Week 5

Measures of Variability or Dispersion:

the average distance of each observation from th

of the distribution
measure the homogeneity or heterogeneity of a

Measures of Variability
Consider the following sets of grades in Statistics of two
groups of 5 students each:
Male Group

Female Group

Jon: 100
Ron: 65
Dan: 75
Tom: 85
Bob: 95

Ann: 84
Ria: 86
Let: 85
Bel: 82
Nel: 83

Mean: 84

Mean: 84

Measures of Variability
How far apart are their grades from one another?
Ron

Dan

Tom

Bob

Jon

Males
65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100
Females

65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
This shows that the grades of males are far apart from each
other as compared with that of the females. Thus, male
grades are more variable than that of the females.

Measures of Variability
A small measure of variability would indicate that the data are:
A big measure of variability would indicate that the data are:

1. Clustered closely around the mean

Far away from the mean.

2. More homogeneous
Heterogeneous

3. Less variable

More variable.

4. More consistent

Less consistent.

5. More uniformly distributed

Less uniformly distributed.

Measures of Variability

There are four measures of variability which we are going to study:

1. Range (R): The difference between the highest

and the lowest value in a set of data.
Formula: R = Hv - Lv
2. Standard Deviation: ( for population & s for sample):
The square root of the sum of the of the squared
The most reliable is the standard deviation!
deviation from the mean.
3. Variance: ( 2 for population & s2 for sample):
The square of standard deviation.
4. Coefficient of Variation (cv): use to compare the
variability of 2 or more sets of data having different units.

sx
cv , where s x
x
x

= the standard deviation

= the mean

Find the range, standard deviation, & variance &

Then interpret the results:

Male Group

Female Group

Jon: 100
Ron: 65
Dan: 75
Tom: 85
Bob: 95

Ann: 84
Ria: 86
Let: 85
Bel: 82
Nel: 83

Mean: 84

Mean: 84

Find the range, standard deviation,

& variance. Interpret the results:

Male Group
100, 65, 75, 85, & 95

Female Group
84, 86, 85, 82, 83

1] Range: Hv Lv: 100 65 = 351] Range: Hv Lv: 86 82 = 4

2] Standard deviation:
Concl:
range 86 82 = 4
2
-Male grades xare
deviation
more12.81
variable bec. ofstandard
a bigger
measure

x
population

population
std.
dev.
1.41
( Male
) or xgrades
of
variability.
n
are
more
spread
because
of
.
std. dev.
N
sample
std.
dev.
1.58
Males are heterogeneous
because
of
.
2

( s x ) or x n 1

x x

14.32

sample
std. dev.

population variance
1.99

std. dev.

n 1 less variableSample
-Female grades are
bec. it variance
has a 2.50
smaller
measure
of
3]Female
Variance:
the square
std. dev.
grades
are lessofspread
or more compact because of
variability.
are
2 Females
(12.81) 2
164homogeneous
.10 population bec of.

s 2 (14.32) 2 205.06 sample

Find the range, standard deviation,

& variance. Interpret the results:

Example 1. The following are the monthly incomes of

10 sample families living in Block 21 of XYZ Subdivision. Find
the range, variance & standard deviation. Interpret results (use
sample std. dev.)
P52,000.00
P28,000.00
Interpretation:
P35,000.00
P40,000.00
On the average, the monthly
P50,000.00
P45,000.00 Income of families living in
B21 of XYZ subd. Deviates by
P33,000.00
P39,000.00 P7,752.42 from the mean of
P41,000.00
P48,000.00 P41,100.

Range 52,000 28,000 P 24,000

s x P 7,752.42
s 2 x P 60,100,02

Find the range, standard deviation,

& variance. Interpret the results:
Example 2. Table 5.1
Test Scores Got by Two Students
Test

10

Student
A

12

13

10

Student
B x

10

5
x12
n 1

Measurement

s2

Student A

70

7.0 17.14 4.14

Student B

68

6.8 11.96 3.46

Student A performed better bec. s/he h

1] Who performed better? Justify!
higher mean score of 7.0 as against 6.
2] who has a more consistent set of scores? Justify!
Student B has a more consistent set of scores bec. s/he has a
smaller standard deviation of 3.46 as against 4.14 of B.

Def: It is used to compare the variability of two or more sets

of data when they are expressed in different units of measurement

Concl: Therefore Player C performed

on )
s x ( s tanconsistently
dard deviation
cv(coefficien
t of var
) assists because points has a
making
points rather
thaniation
on giving
meanis
) 0.5017.
lower c.v. of 0.2373 as against c.v. of assistsx(which
Table 5.2: Number of Assists and the Number of Points Made by Player C
in 10 Randomly-Selected Games in the 2002 PBA Season
Measurement mean sd
Game

10

Assists

10

Points

25

25

x
5.9

x n 1

Assists

5.9

2.9
6

23.6

5.6
0

2.96

Points
30 22 23 225a
16 &
35 5b
20 pages
18 23.6 145
5.60 & 147
Worksheet

In which area (assist/point) does Player C perform

c.v.

2.96/5.
9
0.5017

5.60/2
3.6
consistently?
0.2373

Since these are 2 different areas, we cannot refer to std. dev. We need
to find the coefficient of variation (cv,)

X
14

19

24

29

34

39

The Normal Distribution

Mean=Median
(Not Skewed/Mesokurtic)

44

Normal Distribution
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0

Mean = Median = 4.0

No. of Correct
Answers

19

Measures of Skewness
Skewness (SK): refers to the degree of symmetry
or asymmetry of a distribution.

xi x
SK

N 1 s

If SK = 0, the distribution is normal relative to the

center
If SK < 0, the distribution is skewed to the left
If SK > 0, the distribution is skewed to the right

No. of Correct
Answers

19

Skewed to the Left Distribution

7
6
5

1
0

Mean(5.58) < Median(6)

Skewed to the Right Distribution

7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1

Mean(2.42) > Median(2.0)

No. of Correct
Answers

19

Measures of Kurtosis
Kurtosis (Ku): refers to the peakedness or
flatness of a distribution.

xi x
ku

N 1 s

If Ku = 0, the distribution is mesokurtic or normal in relation to

height
If Ku < 0, the distribution is platykurtic or shorter than normal
If Ku > 0, the distribution is leptokurtic or taller than normal

Distribution with different Coefficient of Kurtosis

Leptokurtic (Ku > 0 or +)

(Taller than normal)

Mesokurtic (Ku = 0)
(Normal)
Platykurtic (Ku < 0 or -)
(Shorter than normal)

This is a Microsoft Excel Printout of

the Descriptive Statistics of the ages of
10 Senior citizens enrolled in an
Aerobics class.
Skewed to the left
and shorter than
normal

Normal

Figure 5c

Column1
Mean
130 Standard Error
87 Median
18 Mode
56 Standard Deviation
70 Sample Variance
239 Kurtosis
87 Skewness
98 Range
157 Minimum
87 Maximum
Sum
Count

102.9
19.2806466
87
87
60.97075802
3717.433333
2.141893397
1.186546613
221
18
239
1029
10

This is a Microsoft Excel Printout

of the Descriptive Statistics of the
Daily transportation fare of 10
CSB students.
Skewed to the right
and taller than normal
Normal

Figure 5d

Give the shape (symmetry) of the distribution of the result of:

1. A test given to a class which is composed mostly
of deans listers. Skewed to the left
2. A Grade V spelling test
administered to 4th year
high school students. Skewed to the left
Figure 5d
Normal Distribution

3. A second year high school math test

administered to Grade 2 students.
Skewed to the right
4. A regular quiz given to an ordinary group of students.
Normal

Column1
6.0
6.0
6.3
6.3
6.4
6.1
6.4
6.2
6.3
6.4
5.3
6.4

Give the shape (symmetry and

Kurtosis/Peakedness)
6.175 of the following set of data:

Mean
Standard Error
0.090558034
Median
6.3
Mode
6.4
Standard Deviation 0.313702233
Sample Variance 0.098409091
Kurtosis
5.714296483
Skewness
-2.224936881
Range
1.1
Minimum
5.3
Maximum
6.4
Sum
74.1
Count
12

Figure 5d
Normal Distribution

Office 2003
1] Go to excel, enter data vertically in any cell.
2] Click on Tools
3] Verify if Analysis ToolPak & Analysis ToolPak-VBA
are checked. Click Add-Ins.
4] If both are checked, go back to Tools again,
and then go to Data Analysis
5] Highlight Descriptive Statistics, click Ok
6] Highlight your data
7] Check Summary Statistics, click output range
8] Click one cell outside of your data
You are DONE!

Office 2007

1] Go to excel, enter data vertically in any cell.

Go to Excel Options; Add-Ins;
Check Analysis ToolPak & Analysis ToolPak-VBA
2] Click on Tools
3] Verify if Analysis ToolPak & Analysis ToolPak-VBA
are checked. Click Add-Ins.
4] If both are checked, go back to Tools again,
and then go to Data Analysis
5] Highlight Descriptive Statistics, click Ok
6] Highlight your data
7] Check Summary Statistics, click output range
8] Click one cell outside of your data
You are DONE!