STATISTICS

Week 3

Presentation of Data

Copyright Statistics for Neophyte Researchers 2004-05-DLSU Press

PRESENTATION
of DATA

Textual
Data are presented in paragraph form. It
involves enumeration of important
characteristics, giving emphasis
on significant figures and identifying the
important features
of the the data.

PRESENTATION
of DATA

Tabular
Sometimes we could hardly grasp
information from a textual presentation
of data. Thus, we may present data
using tables.

Tabular
PRESENTATION
of DATA

Table number & title

Tabular
PRESENTATION
of DATA

It is a table which shows the data arranged into

different classes and the number of cases which
fall into each class is tallied.

Table 3.0
The Ungrouped Frequency Distribution Table
For the Age of 50 Service Crews at Jollimee
Age

Frequency

Percentage
Frequency

18

0.14

19

0.16

20

0.12

21

11

0.22

22

0.08

23

0.10

24

0.10

25

0.08

N = 50

Table 3.1
The Grouped Frequency Distribution Table
For the Age of 50 Service Crews at Jollimee

Age

Frequency

Percentage
Frequency

18-19

15

0.50

20-21

17

0.34

22-23

0.30

24-25

0.30

N = 50

Tabular
PRESENTATION
of DATA

Tabular
PRESENTATION
of DATA
Class Interval
(c.i)
3-8
9 - 14
15 - 20
21 - 26
27 - 32
33 - 38
39 - 44
45 - 50

The first column in a frequency distribution

table is the class interval (c.i). The first
column in (c.i) is the lower limit (LL), while
the second column is the upper limit (UL).
There are eight classes in this table, which
starts from 3 - 8 and ends to 45 - 50.
The size of the class interval or the class
width (i) is 6. It is obtained by getting
the difference between consecutive
upper or lower limits, or by
getting UL - LL + 1.
Ex. 8 - 3 + 1 = 6
14 - 9 + 1 = 6, ...

Tabular PRESENTATION of Data

C.I.
3-8
9 - 14
15 - 20
21 - 26
27 - 32
33 - 38
39 - 44
45 - 50

Tally
I
IIII-II
IIII-III
IIII
IIII-IIII-I
IIII-III
IIII-II
IIII

Freq.
1
7
8
4
11
8
7
4
N=50

The frequency is
obtained by actually
counting the number of
cases which fall into
each class.
When presenting a
frequency distribution
table, the column for
tally should be
removed.

Table 3.3
The Relative Frequency Distribution for the
Test Scores of 50 Students in Statistics
Class Interval Frequency
( c. i )
(f)

This is a
table which
lists the
percentage
frequency
of each
class.

3- 8
9 - 14
15 - 20
21 - 26
27 - 32
33 - 38
39 - 44
45 - 50

1
7
8
4
11
8
7
4
N = 50

Relative
Frequency
(rf)
0.0200
0.1400
0.1600
0.0800
0.2200
0.1600
0.1400
0.0800

rf is obtained
by dividing
the
individual
frequency by
the total
frequency N.

Table 3.4
The Less than Cumulative Frequency Distribution for the
Test Scores of 50 Students in Statistics
Class
Frequency
Class
<cf
The <cf
Interval
(f)
Boundary
can be
( c. i )
obtained
3-8
1
2.5 - 8.5
1
by adding
9 - 14
7
8.5 14.5
8
the freq.
15 - 20
8
14.5 20.5
16
succes21 - 26
4
20.5 26.5
20
sively
27 - 32
11
26.5 32.5
31
starting
33 - 38
8
32.5 38.5
39
from the
39 - 44
7
38.5 44.5
46
top.
45 - 50
4
44.5 50.5
50
N = 50

This is a table which shows the number of cases falling

below the upper class boundary.

Table 3.5
The Greater than Cumulative Frequency Distribution for the
Test Scores of 50 Students in Statistics
Class Interval Frequency
Class
>cf
The >cf
( c. i )
(f)
Boundary
can be
3- 8
1
2.5 - 8.5
50
obtained
9 - 14
7
8.5 14.5
49
by adding
the freq.
15 - 20
8
14.5 20.5
42
succes21 - 26
4
20.5 26.5
34
sively
27 - 32
11
26.5 32.5
30
starting
33 - 38
8
32.5 38.5
19
from the
39 - 44
7
38.5 44.5
11
bottom.
45 - 50
4
44.5 50.5
4
N = 50
This is a table which shows the number of cases falling above the
lower class boundary.

The Contingency Table

This is a table which shows the data
enumerated by cell.
Table 3.5
The Contingency Table for the Opinion of Viewers
on the New TV Program
Choice/Sample

Men

Women

Children

Total

Like the program

50

56

45

151

Indifferent

23

16

12

51

Do not like the

program

43

55

40

138

Total

116

127

97

340

Table 3.5.1
The Contingency Table for the Opinion of Viewers
on the New TV Program
Choice/Sample

Men

Women

Children

Total

Like the
program

50(33%)
(43%)

56(37%)
(44%)

45(30%)
(46%)

151
(44%)

Indifferent

23(45%)
(20%)

16(31%)
(13%)

12(24%)
(12%)

51
(15%)

Do not like the 43(53%)

(37%)
program

55(40%)
(43%)

40(29%)
(41%)

138
(41%)

116
(34%)

127
(37%)

97
(28%)

Total

Can you explain the % in each cell?

340

ELEMSTA
Week 3

GRAPHICAL

Presentation of Data

30 to 34

f
3
6
12
7
4
3

20 to 24

(c.i)
10 - 14
15 - 19
20 - 24
25 - 29
30 - 34
35 - 39

12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Base: Class Interval

Height: Frequency

10 to 14

Bar Chart

Take Note !!
There are gaps between bars. This is appropriate
to use for discrete variables!

Histogram 12
10

(c.i)

Base: Class Mark

Height: Frequency

10 - 14 3 12
6
15 - 19 6 17
20 - 24 12 22
4
25 - 29 7 27
2
30 - 34 4 32
35 - 39 3 37
0
12 17 22 27 32 37
Take Note !!
There is no gap between bars. This is appropriate
to use for continuous variables!

Frequency Polygon
14

(c.i)

12
10

This is appropriate
to use for
continuous
variables!

10 - 14 3 12
8
15 - 19 6 17
20 - 24 12 22
6
25 - 29 7 27
4
30 - 34 4 32
Base: Class Mark
35 - 39 3 37
2
Height: Frequency
Take Note !!
0
Additional X are
7
12 17 22 27 32 37
added on both ends in order
to close the polygon.

42

< Ogive
c.b.

<cf

- 9.5 0
9.5-14.5 3
14.5-19.5

19.5-24.5 21

40
35

Base: Upper Class Boundary

Height: < cf
< Ogive

30
25
20
15

10
5
Take Note !!
24.5-29.5
28
There is additional
0
Upper c.b. 9.5 with9.5 14.5 19.5 24.5 29.5 34.5 39.5
29.5-34.5
<cf equal32
to 0.

34.5-39.5 35

> Ogive
c.b.
9.5-14.5
14.5-19.5
19.5-24.5
24.5-29.5
29.5-34.5
34.5-39.5
39.5-

>cf
35
32
26
14
7
3
0

>cf & Lower c.b.

Base: Lower Class Boundary

Height: > cf
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Take Note !!
There is additional
Lower c.b. 39.5 with
>cf equal to 0.

>O

gi v

9.5 14.5 19.5 24.5 29.5 34.5 39.5

Ogives
c.b.
9.5-14.5
14.5-19.5
19.5-24.5
24.5-29.5
29.5-34.5
34.5-39.5

<cf
3
9
21
28
32
35

Base: Class Interval

Height: Cumulative Frequency
>cf
35
32
26
14
7
3

40
35
30
25
20
15

<cf & Upper c.b.

>cf & Lower c.b.

10
5
0

< Ogive

>O

gi v

9.5 14.5 19.5 24.5 29.5 34.5 39.5

Pie Chart
(c.i)
10 - 14
15 - 19
20 - 24
25 - 29
30 - 34
35 - 39

f
3
6
12
7
4
3

Base: Class Interval

Height: Frequency
9%

9%

11%

17%

20%
34%

Scores of Male & Female Students in the Midterm Exam.

Graph and Table

READING!

18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2

0
5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Figure A
Frequency polygon for the Ages
Of Persons Enrolled in an Aerobics Class

55

18

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45 50 55

How many 25 years old are there?

What is the age with lowest number of enrollees?
How many enrollees are there(refer to no.2)?
The age of the youngest student in the group
The modal age or the age with the highest frequency
The class width of the distribution
The age of the oldest student
The no. of students with ages in between 20 & 40
The total number of students enrolled
What other graph is appropriate to use in this set of data?

B: Table Reading

Table 3.8
The result of a survey of 300 randomly
pick students on their choice for president and
whom they believe will win in the coming
2004 election.

Columnvariable(ChoiceforPresident)

Rowvariable(Perceived
winner)

GMA ROCO

LACSON

FPJ

Total

GMA

22

10

31

66

ROCO

13

15

33

LACSON

28

13

35

78

FPJ

39

29

47

123

Total

102

56

128

14

300

Tabular and & Graphical

Presentation of Data!

B: Table Reading
A. What proportion/percentage of votes went to each candidate?
______ GMA; ______ Roco; ______ Lacson; ______ FPJ

B. What proportion/percentage of respondents perceived

the following will win?
______ GMA; ______ Roco; ______ Lacson; ______ FPJ

B: Table Reading
C. What proportion/percentage of respondents voted
for a candidate whom they perceived will win?
______ GMA; ______ Roco; ______ Lacson; ______ FPJ
D. What proportion/percentage of the respondents
voted for their candidate but believed other candidate will be
the winner?
_____ Voted for GMA but believed Lacson will win
_____ Voted for GMA but believed FPJ will win
_____ Voted for FPJ but believed GMA will win
_____ Voted for Lacson but believed FPJ will win
_____ Voted for Roco but believed FPJ will win

B: Table Reading
E. What percentage of those who voted for GMA
believed FPJ will win?
___________
F. What percentage of those who voted for Lacson
believed Roco will win?
___________
G. What percentage of those believed Roco
will be the winner voted for GMA? ___________