Newton's Laws: Raymond Flood

Newtons Laws
Raymond Flood
Gresham Professor of
Geometry
Isaac Newton
16421727
Nature and Natures laws lay hid in Night.

God said, Let Newton be! and All was light
Newtons memorial in
Westminster Abbey
Newtons Memorial
Inscription
is buried Isaac Newton, Knight, who
Here
by a
strength of mind almost divine, and mathematical
principles peculiarly his own, explored the course
and figures of the planets, the paths of comets, the
tides of the sea, the dissimilarities in rays of light,
and, what no other scholar has previously imagined,
the properties of the colours thus produced.
Diligent, sagacious and faithful, in his expositions of
nature, antiquity and the holy Scriptures, he
vindicated by his philosophy the majesty of God
mighty and good, and expressed the simplicity of the
Gospel in his manners.
Mortals rejoice that there has existed such and so
great an ornament of the human race!
Boys on the front of the

sarcophagus
Memorial above the

Sarcophagus
Date
Age
1642
Event
Birth of Isaac Newton
1655
12
Attends Grantham Grammar School
1661
18
Goes up to Trinity College, Cambridge
1665
22
Jan: Graduates Bachelor of Arts at Cambridge

Aug: Moves back to Lincolnshire because of the plague
1667
24
Return to Cambridge, elected Fellow of Trinity
1669
26
Elected Lucasian Professor of Mathematics
1672
29
Elected Fellow of the Royal Society
1684
41
Halleys visit leads to preparation of Principia
1687
44
Publication of Principia
1689
46
Member of Parliament for Cambridge University
1693
50
Mental breakdown
1696
53
Moves to London as Warden of the Mint
1700
57
Master of the Mint
1703
60
Elected President of the Royal Society
1704
61
Publication of Opticks
1705
62
Knighted by Queen Anne
1727
84
Death of Isaac Newton
Date
Age
1642
1655
Event
12
Woolsthorpe Manor, near

Grantham. Lincolnshire
the birthplace of Isaac
Newton.
The Free Grammar

School of King Edward
VI, Grantham, where
Newton was a pupil.
Date
Age
1642
Event
1655
12
1661
18
1665
22

1667
24
1669
26
1672
29
1684
41
1687
44
1689
46
1693
50
Mental breakdown
1696
53
1700
57
Master of the Mint
1703
60
1704
61
1705
62
1727
84
Date
Age
1642
Event
1655
12
1661
18
1665
22

Trinity College, Cambridge in about 1690
Date
Age
1642
Event
1655
12
1661
18
1665
22

Aug: Moves back to Lincolnshire because of the
plague
1667
24
1669
26
1672
29
1684
41
1687
44
1689
46
1693
50
Mental breakdown
1696
53
1700
57
Master of the Mint
1703
60
1704
61
1705
62
In the beginning
of the
year 1665 I
Plague
Years
found the Method of approximating
series & the Rule for reducing any
dignity of any Binomial into such a
series. The same year in May I
found the method of Tangents of
Gregory and Slusius, & in
November had the direct method of
fluxions & the next year in January
had the Theory of Colours & in May
following I had entrance into ye
inverse method of fluxions.
And the samePlague

year I began
Yearsto think
of gravity extending to ye orb of the
Moon & ... I deduced that the forces
wch keep the Planets in their Orbs
must [be] reciprocally as the
squares of their distances from the
centres about wch they revolve: &
thereby compared the force
requisite to keep the Moon in her
Orb with the force of gravity at the
surface of the earth, & found them
answer pretty nearly.
Plague Years
All this was in the two plague years

of 16651666. For in those days I
was in the prime of my age for
invention & minded Mathematicks
& Philosophy more than at any time
since.
Analysis by infinite series

Manuscript page, 1665
Close up of manuscript pag
Date
Age
1642
Event
1655
12
1661
18
1665
22

1667
24
1669
26
1672
29
1684
41
1687
44
1689
46
1693
50
Mental breakdown
1696
53
1700
57
Master of the Mint
1703
60
1704
61
1705
62
1727
84
1667
24
1669
26
1672
29
1684
41
1687
44
1689
46
1693
50
Mental breakdown
Date
Age
1642
Event
1655
12
1661
18
1665
22

1667
24
1669
26
1672
29
1684
41
1687
44
1689
46
1693
50
Mental breakdown
1696
53
1700
57
Master of the Mint
1703
60
1704
61
1705
62
1727
84
1696
53
1700
57
Master of the Mint
1703
60
1704
61
1705
62
1727
84
The Tower of London (where the

Mint was situated), 1707. When
Newton became Warden of the
Mint, he lived at first in the
tower.
Halley visits Newton
Dr [Halley] asked him what he thought the

Curve would be that would be described by
the Planets supposing the force of attraction
towards the Sun to be reciprocal to the
square of their distance from it. Sr Isaac
replied immediately that it would be an
Ellipsis, the Doctor struck with joy &
amazement asked him how he knew it, why
saith he I have calculated it, whereupon Dr
Halley asked him for his calculation without
any farther delay, Sr Isaac looked among his
papers but could not find it, but he promised
him to renew it, & then to send it him.
Newtons Three laws of

Motion
1. Every Body perseveres in its state of rest
or of moving uniformly straight forward,
except insofar as it is compelled to change
its state by forces impressed.
2. A change in motion is proportional to the
motive force impressed and takes place
along the straight line in which that force
is impressed.
3. To any action there is always an opposite
and equal reaction.
Newtons cradle
Law of Universal
Gravitation
The gravitational attraction between
two masses varies directly as the
product of the masses and inversely as
the square of the distance separating
them.
A Treatise of the System of

the World, 1728
Available on Goggle
books:
http://tinyurl.com/ngl2o
From Newtons A Treatise

of the System of the World,
1728
Equal areas in equal times

Keplers second law
This states that the
line joining a planet
to the Sun sweeps
out equal areas in
equal times
essentially this is a
way of quantifying
the idea that planets
move faster when
near the Sun and
Book 1 Proposition 1 Theorem 1

The areas, which revolving bodies describe
by radii drawn to an immovable centre of
force do lie in the same immovable planes,
and are proportional to the times in which
they are described.
Prove: area SAB = area

SBC
area SAB = area SBc and

area SBC = area SBc
so area SAB = area SBC
area SAB = area SBc
area SBC = area SBc

area SBC = area SBc

area SBC = area SBc
Inverse square
law
Problem:
Given the shape of the
orbit, an ellipse, and the
fixed centre towards
which the force
responsible for the
shape of that orbit
points, how does the
magnitude of that force
vary with the distance
of that force from the
centre?
Is the Solar System

Stable?
Given a system of
arbitrarily many mass
points that attract each
according to Newtons
law, under the assumption
that no two points ever
collide, try to find a
representation of the
coordinates of each point
as a series in a variable
that is some known
King Oscar II, his son Gustav,
grandson Gustav-Adolf and
function of time and for
great-grandson Prince Gustav-
Henri Poincar 1854 -1912
Qualitative behaviour of
solutions
Solution is a
path in a
multidimensiona
l space phase
space
Phase space and Poincar

section
Amended from Encyclopaedia Britannica
Qualitative behaviour of
solutions
Solution is a path in
a multidimensional
space phase space
Poincar section
Periodic tells us
system is stable
Quasiperiodic
Chaotic
Simulated evolution of the

solar system over 5 Gyr
2501 different scenarios
Slight change in the
starting conditions e.g.
move Mercury by 1 metre
one per cent of the
solutions lead to a large
increase in Mercurys
eccentricityan increase
large enough to allow
collisions with Venus or
the Sun.
in one of these higheccentricity solutions, a
subsequent decrease in
Mercurys eccentricity
induces a transfer of
angular momentum from
the giant planets that
destabilizes all the
So is the solar system

stable?
See Chapter 8 Orbital

Chaos
So is the solar system

stable?
Probably not!
But we wont
be around to
find out.
See Chapter 8 Orbital

Chaos
1 pm on Tuesdays
Museum of London

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Newtons Laws

Nature and Natures laws lay hid in Night.

Boys on the front of the

Memorial above the

Attends Grantham Grammar School

Goes up to Trinity College, Cambridge

Jan: Graduates Bachelor of Arts at Cambridge

Return to Cambridge, elected Fellow of Trinity

Elected Lucasian Professor of Mathematics

Elected Fellow of the Royal Society

Halleys visit leads to preparation of Principia

Member of Parliament for Cambridge University

Moves to London as Warden of the Mint

Master of the Mint

Elected President of the Royal Society

Knighted by Queen Anne

Death of Isaac Newton

Attends Grantham Grammar School

Woolsthorpe Manor, near

The Free Grammar

Attends Grantham Grammar School

Goes up to Trinity College, Cambridge

Jan: Graduates Bachelor of Arts at Cambridge

Return to Cambridge, elected Fellow of Trinity

Elected Lucasian Professor of Mathematics

Elected Fellow of the Royal Society

Halleys visit leads to preparation of Principia

Member of Parliament for Cambridge University

Moves to London as Warden of the Mint

Master of the Mint

Elected President of the Royal Society

Knighted by Queen Anne

Death of Isaac Newton

Attends Grantham Grammar School

Goes up to Trinity College, Cambridge

Jan: Graduates Bachelor of Arts at Cambridge

Trinity College, Cambridge in about 1690

Attends Grantham Grammar School

Goes up to Trinity College, Cambridge

Jan: Graduates Bachelor of Arts at Cambridge

Return to Cambridge, elected Fellow of Trinity

Elected Lucasian Professor of Mathematics

Elected Fellow of the Royal Society

Halleys visit leads to preparation of Principia

Member of Parliament for Cambridge University

Moves to London as Warden of the Mint

Master of the Mint

Elected President of the Royal Society

Knighted by Queen Anne

And the samePlague

All this was in the two plague years

Analysis by infinite series

Close up of manuscript pag

Attends Grantham Grammar School

Goes up to Trinity College, Cambridge

Jan: Graduates Bachelor of Arts at Cambridge

Return to Cambridge, elected Fellow of Trinity

Elected Lucasian Professor of Mathematics

Elected Fellow of the Royal Society

Halleys visit leads to preparation of Principia

Member of Parliament for Cambridge University

Moves to London as Warden of the Mint