By: Socorro Milagros C.

Alcancia, RND, MBA

 It

is a continuous process from

conception until death of a person.

1.

2.

3.

Starting with infancy, the building-up

processes exceed the breaking down
processes, so that the net result is
growth and development.
Once the body reaches adulthood, the
rate of breaking down processes is
greater than the building-up.
Degenerative changes occur rapidly
as an adult approaches the genetic
age.

 refers

to the increase in size and

number of body cells.

 the

maturation of cells to perform

activities for a living organism.

 atoms

or molecules that are highly

reactive in the body because they
contain one or more unpaired
electrons.

 Growth

of the fetus, the unborn baby, may

be affected by various maternal factors
such as:
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption of nutrients
The

fetus is dependent on these processes

and on maternal metabolism of the
absorbed nutrients and transfer of nutrients
through the placenta (an organ that allows
the transfer of maternal nutrients to the
fetus via the umbilical cord)

 First

trimester (Embryo)
-organs develop (4-12 weeks)
-central nervous system develops (412 weeks)
-skeletal structure hardens from
cartilage to bone (4 weeks)

 Second

trimester (fetus)
-growth and development
continue(13-40 weeks)
-teeth calcify (20 weeks)
-fetus can survive outside womb
(24weeks)

 Third

Trimester to Birth
-growth and development continue
-storage of iron and other nutrients
(36-40weeks)
-development of necessary fat tissue
(36-40 weeks)

 Increased in basal metabolic rate

A tendency to retain water
Decreased gastric acidity and

intestinal motility and constipation

Production of simple glycosuria
Increased activities of progesterone,
gonadotropin, estrogen, adrenal
steroid homones

Caloric intake should be monitored to regulate

weight gain during pregnancy. The desirable
weight gain is about 20-25lbs throughout the
gestation period such commensurate with:
Normal weight of the infant at birth 7-71/2lbs
Weight of the fetus,placenta,membrane-331/2lbs
Weight of the amniotic fluids- 2lbs
Weight of the mammary glands and tissues-11 1/2lbs
The total weight gain of 23lbs (average) should
be 5lbsfor first trimester; 8lbs and 10 lbs for
seconfd and third trimesters respectively.

 Nausea

or morning sickness due to the

hormonal changes during pregnancy.
Reduced motility throughout the GIT
occurs, may lead to feelings of fullness
and nauseated.
Hyperemesis Gravidarum characterized
by excessive and prolonged vomiting
beyond the first trimester.
Anemia-iron intake and stores do not meet
the demand.
Constipation- decreased intestinal motility.

Heartburn- caused by the pressure of the

growing fetus on the stomach, resulting in
hydrochloric acid being forced into the
esophagus.
Obesity-excess gain during pregnancy
Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH)
gestational hypertension such as preeclampsia
and toxemia
Diabetes-Gestational Diabetes- a form of
diabetes that occurs only during pregnancy
Fatal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)- results from
excessive alcohol intake by the mother during
pregnancy

Lower incidence of abortion and

miscarriage
Fewer stillbirth and premature infants
and infants with congenital
malformations
Fewer complications during pregnancy
and delivery
Healthier full term babies
Reduced infant mortality and morbidity

 teenagers

who become pregnant

near the time at least 5 years of
menarche.

 Significant

nutrient related risk factors

for pregnant teenagers:
1. Low pregnancy weigh gain
2. Low pregnancy weight for height
3. Excessive pre-pregnancy weight for
height
4. Low gynaecological age
5. Unhealthy lifestyle such as the use of
drugs, alcohol or cigarettes
6. History of eating disorders
7. The presence of anemia, toxaemia and
other chronic diseases.

 Caloric

intake and nutrients should

exceed the dietary allowances

Growth and Development

-The baby will grow and develop more rapidly
during the first year.
- He will double his birth weight at 5 months
and triple it at one year.
-Birth length will increase by 9-10 inches during
the first year.
-His brain size which is 25% of its adult weight
at birth will double by 6months will reach 90%
by age 4.
-The digestive system of a full term infant at
birth is capable of digesting only CHON, CHO,
and emulsified fats.

 0-1mo-sucles and smiles

2-3mos-vocalizes and controls head
4-5mos-controls hand & rolls over
6-7mos-sits briefly &crawls
8-9mos- grasps &pulls up
10-11mos-walks with support &

stands alone
11-12mos-starts to walk alone

 Breastfeeding-this

is the best and

most natural way of feeding the
infant.
Artificial or bottle feeding-when an
infant is fed on a formula from the
bottle.
Mixed feeding-feeding the infant
partially from both the breast and
the bottle.

 Supplemental

feeding-when a bottle
is substituted for a breast.
Complemental feeding-when a bottle
is given after the breast to complete
a feeding.

 Colostrum-

a thin yellowish fluid, which is

the first milk secreted during the first 2
days after delivery which is rich in
protein, minerals and Vit.A
It is biologically complete
It is convenient and dependable
It is safe
Emotional satisfaction is experienced by
both mother and infant from
breastfeeding.
Its an aid in the normal return of the
uterus to its normal size and delays the
onset of another pregnancy.

 The

rate of growth diminishes gradually

during the second and third year of life.
2-3 years the child gains 1.4kg-2.3kg
annually
3-6 years becomes steady
5years he weighs approximately 5Xhis
birth weight.
3-4years brain growth reaching 90% of
its adult size
10years attaining full size

 Preschool

children prefer mildly

flavoured foods to those of strong
flavoured or those which are spicy.
Plain foods are well-liked compared to
mixed dishes.
Fruits are well liked and simple desserts
like pudding, custard, ice cream,
gelatine desserts, cakes may be given.
Most young children enjoy raw
vegetables, but they should be
chopped to minimize chewing.

 Alert, vigorous and happy

Endurance during activity
Sleeps well
Normal height and weight for age
Stands erect; arms and legs straight
Clear, bright eyes, smooth healthy

skin; lustrous hair

Firm and well developed muscles
Not irritable and restless
Good attention

 School

children are usually better fed

than pre-school children.
Appetite is usually good and they
have a few dislikes except
vegetables.

 Limited time for eating

Poor eating practices
Unbalanced program of

and rest

activities

 Allow sufficient time for meals.

Encourage the child to eat more

fruits and vegetables

Provide the child with properly
selected snacks.
Regulate the activities of the child
Guidance in proper food selection at
home and in school to encourage
god food habits.

well developed body with normal

weight for height
Firm and well developed muscles
Good posture
Healthy skin, no lesions and
dyspigmentation
Smooth and glossy hair
Clear eyes
Alert facial expressions, good disposition,
full of life
Sound sleep
Good digestion and elimination
Good appetite

 Growth

and Development Processes

Taking Place During the Period of
Adolescents:
1.11-13years for girls
13-15years for boys
Gain in height may be 10-15cms
Weight gain may be 4.5-9kg

 Growth

and Development Processes

Taking Place During the Period of
Adolescents:
2.Body proportions change to assume
adult proportions
3.Primary and secondary sex
characteristics develop during the
early years of adolescence

 Skipped Breakfast
Poor Lunches

 General

appearance-Alert and
responsive
Hair-shiny and lustrous
Skin, Face and neck- smooth,slightly
moist, not pale
Eyes-bright clear no fatigue circle
under
Lips-good color not pale moist
Gums-pink color, no swelling or
bleeding

 Tongue-pink color, no lesions

Teeth-straight, no crowding, clean,

no

discoloration
Weight-normal for height, age and
body build
Posture- erect arms, legs straight,
abdomen in, chest out
General vitality- endurance, energetic,
vigorous, sleeps well at night