Animals rely on two systems for regulation:

Nervous System is a system of nerve cells called neurons. It

consists of a central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
and peripheral nerves. Typical responses are fast and short
lasting.
Endocrine System is a system of ductless glands that secrete
hormone into the blood. Hormones travel to target tissues.
Typical responses are slow and long lasting.

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Progesterone

Estradiol

2003-2004

Human Endocrine
Glands
Ductless glands
transport hormones in
the blood
Duct glands are
exocrine glands that
use tubes to carry the
secretion
(salivary, tears)

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2003-2004

Pituitary gland and Hypothalamus serve to link the nervous

system other glands and metabolic functions.

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Mechanisms
of hormone
release

(a) Humoral: in response to changing

levels of ions or nutrients in the blood
(b) Neural: stimulation by nerves
(c) Hormonal: stimulation received from
other hormones

Learn the 3 endocrine organs on this slide:

Hypothalamus
Pituitary (hyophysis)
Pineal

Hypothalamus__
Anterior pituitary__
(adenohypophysis)

_____________Posterior pituitary
(neurohypophysis)

Hypothalamus___________
Pituitary__________
(hypophysis)

Regents Biology

2003-2004

Regents Biology

2003-2004

Thyroid and Parathyroid help regulate calcium metabolism

Feedback!

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2003-2004

Pancreas helps regulate blood glucose

feedback

Insulin from Beta cells reduce blood sugar

Glucagon
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Biologyfrom Alpha cells increase blood sugar

2003-2004

Female sex traits

include the
menstrual cycle and
the changes seen
during puberty

feedback

LH and FSH from

the pituitary
Estrogen and
progesterone from
the ovary

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2003-2004

Identify the Glands

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2003-2004

Disorders of the
Endocrine System
Acromegaly
An enlargement of the bones of the hands,
feet, and jaws

Addison's disease
Caused by hyposecretion of the hormones
produced by the cortex of the adrenal gland

Cretinism
Condition resulting from a congenital
deficiency of thyroid secretion or
hypothyroidism

Disorders of the Endocrine

System (continued)
Cushings syndrome
Disorder that causes hyperactivity of the
adrenal glands, which is triggered by the
oversecretion of the pituitary hormone ACTH

Diabetes insipidus
From an acquired or inherited decrease in the
antidiuretic hormone secreted by the pituitary

Diabetes mellitus
A disorder of carbohydrate, fat, and protein
metabolism resulting from insufficient insulin
production by the pancreas

Disorders of the Endocrine

System (continued)
Dwarfism
Results from hyposecretion of the growth
hormone of the pituitary gland, which has been
caused by a tumor, infection, genetic factors,
or trauma

Gigantism
An excessive growth of the long bones caused
by hypersecretion of the somatotropic
hormone

Graves disease
Caused by hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis

Disorders of the Endocrine

System (continued)
Hyperparathyroidism
Causes hypercalcemia, an increased
calcium blood level

Hypoglycemia
Results from increased insulin production by
the pancreas

Hypoparathyroidism
A decreased secretion of parathyroid
hormone that causes tetany

Disorders of the Endocrine

System (continued)
Hypothyroidism
Also called Hashimoto's disease, results from an
insufficient production of thyroxine

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic

hormone (SIAD)
Involves water intoxication and the dilution of
intracellular and extracellular body tissues,
usually resulting from lung cancer

Virilism
Results from increased secretion in the adrenal
glands

Pathology, continued
Adrenal gland
Cushings syndrome (see next pic)
Usually caused by an ACTH-secreting pituitary
tumor
Rarely by tumor of adrenal cortex
Iatrogenic

Addisons disease
Hyposecretion (under secretion) of adrenal cortex
Usually involves cortisol and aldosterone: low
blood glucose and sodium, severe dehydration,
fatigue, loss of appetetie, abdominal pain
(Jane Austin)
17

Thyroxin increases metabolic rate

Overactive
Goitre
Hyperthyroidism
Graves Disease

Underactive
Goitre
Hypothyroidism
Hashimotos Disease
Myxoedema (adults)
Cretinism (kids)

Calcitonin Inc. Ca uptake by

bones and dec. Ca level in blood
Overactive
Tetany

Underactive
Kidney Stones
Osteoporosis

Parathormone (PTH) inc. Ca level

in blood, dec. Ca level in bone
Overactive
Kidney Stones
Osteoporosis

Underactive
Tetany

Insulin dec. blood sugar levels

Overactive
Hypoglycemia
Hyperinsulinism
(insulin shock)

Underactive
Hyperglycemia
Diabetes

Myxoedema

Puffiness (swelling)
Fatigue
Obesity
Dry, thickened skin
Mental impairment
Thin, brittle hair

Cretinism
Results from thyroid hormone
insufficiency in infancy

Protuberant abdomen
Short Stature
Infertility
Neurological
impairment
Constant Fatigue
Obesity

ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
2 Categories:
Abnormal hormone production
Abnormal cellular sensitivity

ACROMEGALY:
Over production of growth
hormone after the epiphyseal
plates have fused
Bone shape changes
Cartilaginous areas of skeleton
enlarge
Broad facial features
Enlarged lower jaw
Endocrine System. Professor KS Satyapal

ENDOCRINE DISORDERS

GOITER
Enlarged thyroid gland
Results from thyroid hormone
hyposecretion
Due to iodine insufficiency

Endocrine System. Professor KS Satyapal

Goiter: Iodine deficiency and feedback causes the thyroid to

enlarge

This people have a goiter, a condition

that is easily preventable with iodized
salt
Results from thyroid hormone
hyposecretion
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Due to iodine insufficiency