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Blood and Blood Forming Organs
Blood and Blood Forming Organs
Blood and Blood Forming Organs
FORMING ORGANS
Presented
by:
Dr.Esther
priyadarshini
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES OF BLOOD
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
PLASMA
BLOOD CELLS
FORMATION OF BLOOD CELLS
RED BLOOD CELLS
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
PLATELETS
BLOOD COAGULATION
BLOOD GROUPS
INTRODUCTION
PROPERTIES OF BLOOD
COLOUR - Blood is RED in
colour
VOLUME - Average volume
of blood in a normal
individual is 5L
New borns 450ml
Females it is slightly less
4.5L
It is 8% of the body weight
in a normal individual
weighing about 70 kg
BONE MARROW
It consists of meshwork
of vascular sinuses and
fibroblasts with the
interstices packed with
hemopoietic cells
10
Predominance of maturing
erythrocytes conferring a deep
red color hence the name
RED BONE MARROW
11
12
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
Blood is composed of
LIQUID PLASMA and
FORMED ELEMENTS
HEMATOCRIT VALUE
Plasma
(55% of whole blood
Buffy coat:
leukocyctes and platelets
(<1% of whole blood)
Withdraw
blood and
place in tube
Centrifuge
Erythrocytes
(45% of whole
blood)
14
15
PLASMA
16
17
PLASMA PROTEINS
18
19
ALBUMIN
20
GLOBULIN
Globulins include -
Immunoglobulins (- globulins)
21
FIBRINOGEN
22
SERUM
23
24
ERYTHROPOIESIS
25
STEM CELLS
Stem cells are the primary cells capable of self renewal and
differentiating into specialized cells
Hemopoietic stem cells are primitive cells in the bone marrow which
give rise to blood cells
PHSC is defined as a cell which can give rise to all types of blood
cells
26
27
ii)Colony Forming Unit Granulocytes/Monocytes (CFUGM )----cells of this unit develop into granulocytes and
monocytes
iii) Colony Forming Unit-Megakaryocytes (CFU-M)---platelets are developed from these cells
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29
STAGES OF ERYTHROPOIESIS
30
PROERYTHROBLAST(MEGALOBLAST)
Is the first cell derived from CFU-E
Large in size with diameter of 20
Nucleus is large ,occupies the cell almost completely
Nucleus has two or more nucleoli
Does not contain hemoglobin
Cytoplasm is basophilic
31
32
INTERMEDIATE NORMOBLAST
Smaller than the early normoblastwith diameter 10-12
Nucleus is still present
Chromatin network shows further condensation
Hemoglobin starts appearing
Cytoplasm is already basophilic, because of the presence
of hemoglobin, it stains with both acidic as well as basic
stains
This cell is called polychromatophilic erythroblast
33
LATE NORMOBLAST
The diameter of the cell decreases further to about 8-10
34
35
RETICULOCYTE
Othewise known as immature RBC
36
37
38
MATURED ERYTHROCYTES
The reticular network disappears and the cell becomes
matured RBC and attains BICONCAVE SHAPE
39
40
ERYTHROPOEITIN
THYROXINE
VITAMINS
41
ERYTHROPOIETIN
42
ERYTHROPOIETIN MECHANISM
Imbalance
Increases
O2-carrying
ability of blood
Enhanced
erythropoiesis
increases RBC count
Reduces O2
levels in blood
Erythropoietin
stimulates red
bone marrow
43
44
THYROXINE
Thyroxine accelerates the process of erythropoiesis
Polycythemia is common in hyperthyroidism
VITAMINS
Vitamin B12 , Intrinsic factor and Folic acid are
necessary for the maturation of RBCs
45
Normal value
46
Normal shape
Biconcave shape-RBCs
squeeze through the
capillaries easily without
getting damaged
47
Normal size
Diameter 7.5
Thickness periphery 2
centre - 1
48
49
ROULEAUX FORMATION
It is accelerated by plasma
proteins globulin and
fibrinogen
50
HEMOGLOBIN
Hemoglobin is the iron containing coloring pigment of
RBCs
Carries respiratory gases
Molecular weight of hemoglobin is 68,000
51
STRUCTURE OF HEMOGLOBIN
Protein- globin
52
Complex quaternary
structure
Globin is a protein
composed of 4 parallel
layers of closely packed
polypeptide chains
2 alpha (141 Aa)
2 beta (146Aa)
53
Heme is a tetrapyrrole
structure with 1 Fe
attached to 4 nitrogen
atoms from 4 pyrrole rings
54
56
Age
At birth : 25g/dl
After 3rd month: 20g/dl
After 1 yr: 17g/dl
From puberty: 14-16g/dl
Sex
In adult male : 14-17g/dl
In adult femle : 12-16 g/dl
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60
Hb is degraded into
iron, globin ,
porphyrin (heme)
Globin- Globin is
metabolized into amino
acids and is released
into the circulation
61
Heme is degraded to a
yellow pigment called
bilirubin
62
Physiological variations
Increase in RBC count
Age
Sex
High altitude
Muscular exercise
Emotional conditions
pregnancy
63
Pathological variations
Primary polycythemia
Secondary polycythemia
Anemia
64
Two methods:
1) Westergren method: commonly used
Normal values: Male: 3 - 5mm/hr
7 - 15mm/2hrs
Female: 4 - 8mm/hr
12 - 17mm/2hrs
2) Wintrobes method:
Male: 0-9mm/hr
Female: 0-20mm/hr
66
ESR - Increase:
67
SIGNIFICANCE OF ESR
69
70
CLASSIFICATION
GRANULOCYTES
1)Neutrophils
2)Eosinophils
3)Basophils
AGRANULOCYTES
1)monocytes
2)lymphocytes
71
LEUCOPOIESIS
Leucopoiesis is the
development and
maturation of leucocytes
From myelocyte to
metamyelocyte to mature
granulocyte nucleus
becomes segmented
NEUTROPHILS
75
76
77
Primary granules:
78
Secondary granules:
79
Tertiary granules:
Also termed as gelatinase granules
80
Help in phagocytosis
81
PATHOLOGOICAL VARIATIONS
NEUTROPHILIA
1)Acute infections
NEUTROPENIA
2)Metabolic disorders
3)Poisoning by chemicals and
drugs like lead, mercury
&benzene derivatives
4)Acute hemorrhage
2)Tuberculosis
3)Typhoid
4)Autoimmune disesases
82
EOISNOPHILS
Eosinophil(12-17) in diameter
and is larger than neutrophil
83
84
PATHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS
Eosinophilia
Eosinopenia
Cushings syndrome
Bacterial infections
Stress
86
BASOPHILS
87
88
PATHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS
Basophilia
Chicken pox
Small pox
Polycythemia vera
Basopenia
Urticaria
Stress
89
MONOCYTES
Characterised by large
eccentrically placed nucleus,
with indentation adjacent to
the centre of the cell
90
91
PATHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS
Monocytosis
Tuberculosis
Syphilis
Kala azar
Glandular fever
Monocytopenia
AIDS
92
LYMPHOCYTES
93
94
95
PATHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS
Lymphocytosis
Measles
Mumps
Whooping cough
Lymphocytopenia
SLE
Acute appendicitis
AIDS
96
97
BLOOD PLATELETS
98
99
100
Platelets in normal
state
101
Peripheral zone
Structural zone
Organelle zone
Membrane zone
102
104
PATHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS
Thrombocytosis
1)Following trauma
2)Acute blood loss
3)Chronic myeloid leukemia
4)Polycythemia vera
5)Splenectomy
6)Hodgkin's disease
Thrombocytopenia
1)ITP
2)Splenomegaly
3)Acute infections
4)Acute leukemia
5)Aplastic anemia
6)X-ray irradiation
105
HEMOSTASIS
STAGES OF HEMOSTASIS
1)Vascular phase(vasocontriction)
2)Platelet phase( platelet plug formation)
3)Coagulation phase(coagulation of blood)
106
VASCULAR PHASE:
Immediately after injury, the
blood vessel constricts and
decreases the loss of blood
107
108
Platelet aggregation is
accelerated by platelet
activating factor(PAF)
109
COAGULATION OF
BLOOD
COAGULATION OF BLOOD
Coagulation or clotting is
defined as the process in which
blood looses its fluidity and
becomes a jelly like mass few
minutes after it is shed out or
collected in a container
111
112
FIBRINOGEN
IX CHRISTMAS FACTOR
II
PROTHROMBIN
III
THROMBOPLASTIN
XI
IV
CALCIUM
XII
LABILE FACTOR
(PROACCELERIN)
STUART-PROWER
FACTOR
PLASMA THROMBOPLASTIN
ANTECEDENT
HAGEMAN FACTOR
FACTOR
113
114
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116
117
EXTRINSIC PATHWAY:
Initiated by tissue thromboplastin which is formed in the
injured tissues
INTRINSIC PATHWAY:
Initiated by platelets which are within the blood itself
118
119
120
121
Later these loose strands are modified into dense fibrin strands
by fibrin stabilizing factor in the presence of calcium ions
122
BLOOD CLOT
123
BLEEDING TIME:
Time interval from oozing of blood after a cut or injury
till arrest of bleeding
It is determined by DUKES method using blotting paper
Normal duration- 1 -5 min
CLOTTING TIME:
Time interval from oozing of blood after a cut till the
formation of clot
Determined by capillary tube method
Normal duration- 3-8 min
124
BLOOD GROUPS
125
126
127
LANDSTEINERS LAW :
129
130
ABO SYSTEM
131
A group
The blood having antigen A
is called A group
This group has anti B
antibody in the plasma
B group
The blood with antigen B is
called B group
This group has anti A
antibody
132
AB group
If both the antigens are
present, the blood group is
called AB group
Plasma does not contain
any antibody
O group
If both the antigens are
absent
Plasma contains both anti B
and anti A antibodies
133
134
135
PROCEDURE:
136
Results:
137
If agglutination occurs
with antiserum B :
Antiserum B contains
Anti B antibody,
agglutination occurs if the
RBC contains B antigen
So the blood group is B
138
If agglutination occurs
with both antisera A and
B:
139
140
142
143
RH FACTOR
144
145
RH INCOMPATIBILITY
146
BLOOD TRANSFUSION
147
Accidental injuries
During and after major surgery
148
PLATELET TRANSFUSION :
149
TRANSFUSION REACTIONS
150
151
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES:
Essentials of medical physiology-k.Sembulingam Prema
sembulingam-5th edition
Wheaters functional histology-5th edition
Histology A text and atlas-Michael H.Ross-5th edition
Text book of human histology Inderbir singh
Text book of medical physiology- Guyton Hall
153
Thank you
154
Question and
answers
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