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CE 551 Finite Element Analysis: Dr. James N. Craddock ENGR B-26 Craddock@ce - Siu.sdu 453-7808
CE 551 Finite Element Analysis: Dr. James N. Craddock ENGR B-26 Craddock@ce - Siu.sdu 453-7808
CE 551 - Introduction
Review Topics
Linear Algebra
Matrix Operations
Basic Elasticity
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CE 551 - Introduction
Matrix Algebra
A matrix is an m x n array of numbers
arranged in m rows and n columns.
m = n A square matrix.
m = 1 A row matrix.
n = 1 A column matrix.
Element of matrix a row i,
aij
column j
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CE 551 - Introduction
Matrix Operations
Multiplication of a matrix by a
scalar.
[a] = k [c]
aij = kcij
Addition of matrices.
Matrices must be of same order (m x n)
Add them term by term
[c] = [a] +[b]
cij = aij + bij
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CE 551 - Introduction
Matrix Operation
Multiplication of two matrices
If [a] is m x n then [b] must have n
rows
[c] = [a] [b]
n
cij a iebej
e 1
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CE 551 - Introduction
Matrix Operations
Transpose of a matrix:
Interchange of rows and columns
aij a ji
CE 551 - Introduction
Matrix Operations
The identity matrix (or unit matrix)
is denoted by the symbol [I]:
[a][I] = [I][a] = [a]
1 0 0
I 0 1 0
0 0 1
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CE 551 - Introduction
Matrix Operations
The inverse of a matrix is such
that:
a a
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[I]
CE 551 - Introduction
Matrix Operations
Differentiating a matrix:
da ij
d
a
dx
dx
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CE 551 - Introduction
Matrix Operations
Differentiating a matrix:
a11
1
U [x y]
2
a 21
U
x
a11 a12
a 21 a 22
U
y
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a12 x
a 22 y
x
CE 551 - Introduction
10
Matrix Operations
Integrating a matrix.
[a]dx
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a
dx
ij
CE 551 - Introduction
11
a determinant of matrix
[a]
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CE 551 - Introduction
12
Cofactors
Cofactors of [aij] are given by:
Cij ( 1)i j d
where matrix d is the first minor
of aij
and is matrix a
with row i and column j deleted.
Then : [a ij ]1 C
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CE 551 - Introduction
13
Review of Elasticity
Equations
Linear, homogeneous,
isotropic material behavior.
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CE 551 - Introduction
14
Xb 0
x
y
z
xy y yz
Yb 0
x
y
z
xz yz z
Zb 0
x
y
z
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CE 551 - Introduction
15
Strain Displacement
u
x
x
v
y
y
u v
xy
y x
u w
xz
z x
w
w v
z
yz
z
y z
(u,v,w) are the x, y and z
components of displacement
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CE 551 - Introduction
16
Stress-Strain Relationships
1
1
x
y
0
E
z
xy 1 1 2
0
yz
zx
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0
0
0
0
0
0
1 0
0
0
1 2
0
0
0
1 2
0
0
0
2
1 2
0
0
0
2
0
CE 551 - Introduction
xy
yz
zx
17
3D Stress-Strain Matrix
1
1
0
E
D 1 1 2
0
0
1 2
2
0
0
0
0
0
1 2
2
E
Note : G
2 1
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CE 551 - Introduction
1 2
18
E
D 1
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1
0 0
CE 551 - Introduction
19
1 1 2
0
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CE 551 - Introduction
1
0
0
1 2
2
20
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CE 551 - Introduction
21
Cramers Rule
a {x} {c}
or in index notation:
n
a
j 1
ij
x j ci
d( i )
a
CE 551 - Introduction
22
Example:
Consider the following equations:
x1 3x 2 2x 3 2
2x1 4x 2 2x 3 1
4x 2 x 3 3
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CE 551 - Introduction
23
Example:
In matrix form :
1
0
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2 x 1
2
4 2 x2 1
3
4
1 x 3
3
CE 551 - Introduction
24
Solving:
2
x1
d( 1 )
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1 4
41
4.1
2 10
CE 551 - Introduction
25
1 2 2
2
0
x2
1
a
3
3
1
1.1
2
d( 2)
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CE 551 - Introduction
26
1
2
d( 3)
0
x3
1
a
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4 1
4 3
1.4
3 2
CE 551 - Introduction
27
Inversion
a x c
1
1
a a x a c
1
I x a c
1
x a c
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CE 551 - Introduction
28
Example
1
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2 x 1
2
4 2 x2 1
3
4
1 x 3
3
CE 551 - Introduction
29
Example
x1
0.2 2
4.1
0.2
0.1 0.2 1 1.1
1.4
0.8 0.4 0.2 3
x2
x 3
1.2
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1.1
CE 551 - Introduction
30
1
2
x3
(3)
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4 1
4
CE 551 - Introduction
1.4
31
Gaussian Elimination
General System of n equations with n unknowns:
a 11
a 12
a 21
a 22
a n 1
an2
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a1n x 1
c1
a 2 n x 2
c 2
c n
a nn x n
CE 551 - Introduction
32
Steps in Gaussian
Elimination
Eliminate the coefficient of x1 in
every equation except the first one.
Select a11 as the pivot element.
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CE 551 - Introduction
33
a 12
a 22
a n 2
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a1n x 1
c1
a 2 n x 2
c 2
c n
a nn x n
CE 551 - Introduction
34
Steps in Gaussian
Elimination
Eliminate the coefficient of x2 in
every equation below the second
one. Select a22 as the pivot element.
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CE 551 - Introduction
35
a 12
a 13
a 22
a 23
a 33
a n 3
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a1n
x1
c1
a 2 n
x 2
c 2
a 3 n
x n
c n
a nn
CE 551 - Introduction
36
Steps in Gaussian
Elimination
Repeat the process for the
remaining rows until we have a
triangularized system of equation.
a12
a22
0
a13
a23
a33
a11
0
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a14
a24
a34
a44
x1
c1
x
c
2
2
x3
c3
c4
x4
n 1
n 1
a nn x n
cn
a1n
a2n
a3n
a4n
CE 551 - Introduction
37
n 1
cn
n 1
a nn
1
xi
a ii
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n
a
1, n 1 a ir x r
r i 1
CE 551 - Introduction
38
Example
2 2 1 x1
9
2 1 0 x 4
2
6
1 1 1 x 3
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CE 551 - Introduction
39
Add the
the first
Add the
the first
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CE 551 - Introduction
40
Step 1
1
2 2
0 1 1
0
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0.5
x1
9
x 2 5
x
1.5
3
CE 551 - Introduction
41
Steps in Gaussian
Elimination
Eliminate the coefficient of x2 in
every equation below the second
one. Select a22 as the pivot
element. (Already done in this
example.)
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CE 551 - Introduction
42
Step 2
1
2 2
0 1 1
0
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0.5
x1
9
x 2 5
x
1.5
3
CE 551 - Introduction
43
c3
x3
2 3
1
a33
2
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x2
5 3
x2
9 2( 2) 3
CE 551 - Introduction
44
Gauss-Seidel Iteration
Write equations in form :
1
c1 a12 x 2 a13 x 3 a1n xn
x1
a11
1
c 2 a 21x1 a 23 x 3 a 2n xn
x2
a 22
1
c n a n 1 x 1 a n 2 x 2 a n .n 1 x n 1
xn
a nn
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CE 551 - Introduction
45
Gauss-Seidel Iteration
Assume a set of initial values for
unknowns. Substitute into RHS of first
equation. Solve for new value of x 1
Use new value of x1and assumed values
of other xs to solve for x2 in second
equation.
Continue till new values of all variables
are obtained.
Iterate until convergence.
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CE 551 - Introduction
46
Example
4x1 x 2
x1 4x 2 x 3
x 2 4x 3 x 4
x 3 2x 4 6
x1 1
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x2 1
x3 1
CE 551 - Introduction
x 4 1
47
Example
x1 1
x2 1
x3 1
x4 1
2 x 2 1 2 1 3
4
4
4
5 x1 x 3 1 5 3 1 1.68
4
4
4
6 x 2 x 4 1 6 1.68 1 1.672
4
4
2 x 3 1 2 1.67 0.16
2
2
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CE 551 - Introduction
48
Example
x1 1
x2 1
x3 1
x4 1
2 x 2 1 2 1.68 0.922
4
4
2 x 3 1 2 1.944 0.0.28
2
2
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CE 551 - Introduction
49
Iteration x1
0
1
2
3
4
Exact
4
0.5
0.75
0.922
0.975
0.988
1.0
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x2
1.0
1.68
1.899
1.979
1.9945
2.0
x3
1.0
1.672
1.944
1.988
1.9983
2.0
CE 551 - Introduction
x4
-1.0
-0.16
-0.028
-0.006
-0.0008
0.0
50