CHAPTER 1_______________

INTRODUCTION

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Data Communication

Definition

Data refers to facts, concepts and

instructions presented in whatever forms
In the context of computer information
systems, data represented by binary
units (bits) produced in forms of 0s and
1s
Data communication is the exchange of
data (in the forms of 0s and 1s) between
two devices via some forms of
transmission medium

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Effectiveness of Data Communication

System

A. Delivery

B. Accuracy

The system must deliver data to the correct

destination and received by the intended device
The system must deliver data accurately(cannot
be altered during transmission) without error

Timeliness

The system must deliver data in timely manner

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Data Communication

Figure 1.1

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Five components of data communication

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5 Component of Data Communication

System

Message Information to be
communicated=>text, numbers, pictures,
sound or video.
Sender device that sends the messagecomputer, telephone, video camera and so
on.
Receiver Device that receives the message
same as sender

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Medium Physical path by which a

message travels- twisted pair,
coaxial cable, fiber optic, laser or
radio waves
Protocol A set of rules govern data
communication represent an
agreement between the
communicating devices

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Data representation

Text
ACSII (American Standard Code Interchange)
Extended ASCII
Unicode
ISO
Numbers
Image
Audio
Video

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Direction of Flow

Simplex the communication is

unidirectional-one of the two stations
on on a link can transmit, other can
only received

Ex keyboard and traditional monitor

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Figure 1.2

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Simplex

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Data Communication

Half Duplex

Each station can both transmit and

receive but not at same time

Eg Walkie-talkie

Full duplex

Both station can transmit and receive

simultaneously

Eg telephone system

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Data Communication

Figure 1.3

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Half-duplex

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Data Communication

Figure 1.4 Full-duplex

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Networks

A set of devices(nodes) connected by

communication links. Eg computer
printer etc
Distributed Processing

Task is divided among multiple

computers, instead of a single large
machine being responsible for all aspects

Faster problem solving

Security

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Network Criteria

Performance

Reliability

Measure in many way including response and

transit time
Depends on a number of users, types of
transmission medium, capability of hardware and
software
Accuracy of delivery: the time it take the link to
recover from a failure

Security
Security of data from: unauthorized access, viruses
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Physical Structures
Types of Connection
Point to point

1.

Two and only two device are

connected by a dedicated link

multipoint

2.

Three or more devices share a link

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Physical Structures

Figure 1.5

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Point-to-point connection

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Physical Structures

Figure 1.6

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Multipoint connection

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Network Topology

MESH
STAR
BUS
RING

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Network Topology
Mesh

Every device has a

dedicated point to point
link to every device

Fully connected mesh has

n(n-1)/2 physical channel
to link n devices
Advantages

Eliminate traffic problem

Robust, one unusable,

other can be used

Privacy and security

Easy to reroute

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Disadvantages
Amount of cable increase
Number of input output
port increase
Wiring can be greater
than space
expensive

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Network Topology

Figure 1.8

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Fully connected mesh topology (for five devices)

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Network Topology
Star
Each point has a dedicated point to point only to a
central controller, called hub
It does not allow direct traffic between devices
Advantage
Less cabling-less expensive than mesh topology
Easy to install and reconfigure
To easy fault identification and fault isolation
Disadvantage
More cabling required compared some other
topologies

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Network Topology

Figure 1.9

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Star topology

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Network Topology
Bus
One long cable act as backbone to link all devices in
the network
Node are connected to the bus by drop lines and tap.
Advantages
Easy to install
Use less cable with one long backbone
Disadvantages
Difficult to reconfigure
Any tab to the backbone will degrade the quality of
the network
Fault of the backbone will stop all transmission

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Network Topology

Figure 1.10

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Bus topology

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Network Topology
Ring
Has a dedicate point to point only with two
devices on either side.
Signal pass in along ring in one direction from
device to device until reach destination
Each device act as repeater.
Advantage
Easy to install and reconfigure
Disadvantage
Unidirectional traffic can be disadvantage
A break in a ring can disable entire network
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Network Topology

Figure 1.11 Ring topology

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Categories of Network

Figure 1.12

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Categories of networks

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Categories of Network

Local Area Network(LAN)

Within building, single office, plant and

campus
Limited to a few kilometers.
Designed to allow resources to be
shared between personal computer or
computer.
Common LAN topologies bus, star and
ring

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Categories of Network

Figure 1.13

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LAN

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Categories of Network

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Figure 1.13

LAN (Continued)

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Categories of Network

Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)

is a backbone network that connects

local area network in a metropolitan
area such as city or town and handles
the bulk activity or traffic across
region.

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Categories of Network

Figure 1.14

MAN

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Categories of Network

Wide Area Network(WAN)

a network that covers a large

geographic area(such as city, country
or the world) using a communication
channel combines many types of
media such as telephone lines, cable
and air waves
An enterprise network

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Categories of Network

Figure 1.15

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WAN

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The Internet

An internet (lowercase letter i)

The Internet (uppercase letter I)

is two or more networks that can communicate with

each other but doesnt provide services to public
is a collaboration of more than hundreds of
thousands interconnected networks and provide
services to public

The Internet Today

International Service Providers

National Service Providers(NSPs)
Regional Internet Service Providers
Local Internet Service Providers

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The Internet

Figure 1.16

Internet today

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Protocol and Standards

Protocols

A set of rules that govern data

communication
It defines what is communicated, how
it is communicated and when it is
communicated
Element of protocols:syntax,
semantic, timing

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Protocols and Standards

Syntax
The structure or format of data, eg the first eight bits
to be the address of sender, the second is the address
of the receiver and the remains are the message
Semantics
The meaning of each sections of bits, means how is a
particular pattern to be interpreted eg does an
address identify the route to be taken
Timing
Refers to two characteristics, when data should be
sent and how fast they can be sent

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Protocols and Standards

Standards

Guidelines to manufactures, vendors, government

agencies and other service providers to ensure the
kind of interconnectivity necessary in todays
marketplace and in international communications
A model that makes possible for a product to work
regardless of the individual manufacturer.
Data communications standards fall into 2 categories:

De facto-standard have been legislated

through widespread use of people

De jure-standard have been legislated by an

officially standard organizations

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Standards Organization

The International Standard

Organization(ISO)

An organization dedicated to worlwide

agreement on international standards in a
variety of fields

The International Telecommunications

Union- Telecommunication Standards

An international standards organization that

develops standards for telecommunication eg
V-series

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Standards Organizations

The American National Standards

Institute(ANSI)

A non-profit organization, US representative to

both the ISO and ITU-T

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Engineers(IEEE)

The largest national professional group

involved in developing standards for
computing, communication, engineering and
electronics

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Standards Organizations

The Electronics Industries

Association(EIA)

An association of electronics
manufacturers in US that responsible
for developing EIA standards

The Federal Communication

Commission(FCC)

Has authority to approve every piece

of communication technology

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End of Chapter 1

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