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  • Acoustic Echo Cancellation

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    sarbas
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    Echo cancellation are methods in telephony to improve voice quality by preventing echo from being created or removing it after it is already present. In addition to improving subjective quality, this process increases the capacity achieved through silence suppression by preventing echo from traveling across a network. These methods are commonly called acoustic echo suppression (AES) and acoustic echo cancellation (AEC), and more rarely line echo cancellation (LEC). In some cases, these terms are more precise, as there are various types and causes of echo with unique characteristics, including acoustic echo (sounds from a loudspeaker being reflected and recorded by a microphone, which can vary substantially over time) and line echo (electrical impulses caused by, e.g., coupling between the sending and receiving wires, impedance mismatches, electrical reflections, etc.,[1] which varies much less than acoustic echo). In practice, however, the same techniques are used to treat all types of echo, so an acoustic echo canceller can cancel line echo as well as acoustic echo. "AEC" in particular is commonly used to refer to echo cancelers in general, regardless of whether they were intended for acoustic echo, line echo, or both. Echo suppressors were developed in the 1950s in response to the first use of satellites for telecommunications, but they have since been largely supplanted by better performing echo cancellers. Although echo suppressors and echo cancellers have similar goals—preventing a speaking individual from hearing an echo of their own voice—the methods they use are different: Echo suppressors work by detecting a voice signal going in one direction on a circuit, and then inserting a great deal of loss in the other direction. Usually the echo suppressor at the far-end of the circuit adds this loss when it detects voice coming from the near-end of the circuit. This added loss prevents the speaker from hearing their own voice. Echo cancellation involves first recognizing the originally transmitted signal that re-appears, with some delay, in the transmitted or received signal. Once the echo is recognized, it can be removed by subtracting it from the transmitted or received signal. This technique is generally implemented digitally using a digital signal processor or software, although it can be implemented in analog circuits as well.[2]

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    Echo cancellation are methods in telephony to improve voice quality by preventing echo from being created or removing it after it is already present. In addition to improving subjective quality, this process increases the capacity achieved through silence suppression by preventing echo from traveling across a network. These methods are commonly called acoustic echo suppression (AES) and acoustic echo cancellation (AEC), and more rarely line echo cancellation (LEC). In some cases, these terms are more precise, as there are various types and causes of echo with unique characteristics, including acoustic echo (sounds from a loudspeaker being reflected and recorded by a microphone, which can vary substantially over time) and line echo (electrical impulses caused by, e.g., coupling between the sending and receiving wires, impedance mismatches, electrical reflections, etc.,[1] which varies much less than acoustic echo). In practice, however, the same techniques are used to treat all types of echo, so an acoustic echo canceller can cancel line echo as well as acoustic echo. "AEC" in particular is commonly used to refer to echo cancelers in general, regardless of whether they were intended for acoustic echo, line echo, or both. Echo suppressors were developed in the 1950s in response to the first use of satellites for telecommunications, but they have since been largely supplanted by better performing echo cancellers. Although echo suppressors and echo cancellers have similar goals—preventing a speaking individual from hearing an echo of their own voice—the methods they use are different: Echo suppressors work by detecting a voice signal going in one direction on a circuit, and then inserting a great deal of loss in the other direction. Usually the echo suppressor at the far-end of the circuit adds this loss when it detects voice coming from the near-end of the circuit. This added loss prevents the speaker from hearing their own voice. Echo cancellation involves first recognizing the originally transmitted signal that re-appears, with some delay, in the transmitted or received signal. Once the echo is recognized, it can be removed by subtracting it from the transmitted or received signal. This technique is generally implemented digitally using a digital signal processor or software, although it can be implemented in analog circuits as well.[2]

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    20 views16 pages

    Acoustic Echo Cancellation

    Uploaded by

    sarbas
    Echo cancellation are methods in telephony to improve voice quality by preventing echo from being created or removing it after it is already present. In addition to improving subjective quality, this process increases the capacity achieved through silence suppression by preventing echo from traveling across a network. These methods are commonly called acoustic echo suppression (AES) and acoustic echo cancellation (AEC), and more rarely line echo cancellation (LEC). In some cases, these terms are more precise, as there are various types and causes of echo with unique characteristics, including acoustic echo (sounds from a loudspeaker being reflected and recorded by a microphone, which can vary substantially over time) and line echo (electrical impulses caused by, e.g., coupling between the sending and receiving wires, impedance mismatches, electrical reflections, etc.,[1] which varies much less than acoustic echo). In practice, however, the same techniques are used to treat all types of echo, so an acoustic echo canceller can cancel line echo as well as acoustic echo. "AEC" in particular is commonly used to refer to echo cancelers in general, regardless of whether they were intended for acoustic echo, line echo, or both. Echo suppressors were developed in the 1950s in response to the first use of satellites for telecommunications, but they have since been largely supplanted by better performing echo cancellers. Although echo suppressors and echo cancellers have similar goals—preventing a speaking individual from hearing an echo of their own voice—the methods they use are different: Echo suppressors work by detecting a voice signal going in one direction on a circuit, and then inserting a great deal of loss in the other direction. Usually the echo suppressor at the far-end of the circuit adds this loss when it detects voice coming from the near-end of the circuit. This added loss prevents the speaker from hearing their own voice. Echo cancellation involves first recognizing the originally transmitted signal that re-appears, with some delay, in the transmitted or received signal. Once the echo is recognized, it can be removed by subtracting it from the transmitted or received signal. This technique is generally implemented digitally using a digital signal processor or software, although it can be implemented in analog circuits as well.[2]

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    of 16

    ACOUSTIC ECHO

    CANCELLATION

    sarbas.n u
    S2 EEE

    INDEX
    ECHO
    ACOUSTIC ECHO
    -Seriousness
    -Acoustic Room Impulse Response
    ACOUSTIC ECHO CANCELLATION
    -Block Diagram
    -General Procedure
    CONCLUSION

    ECHO
    Velocity of sound is approximately 343m/s at 25 c
    Echo occur
    0

    -Any reflecting object placed more than 11.3m


    far from
    the sound source produce echo.
    - Delay is more than 32.94 msec
    Reverberation

    ACOUSTIC ECHO
    Sound from a loudspeaker is picked up by the microphone in the
    same room.
    Problem exist in any communication where there is a speaker
    and a microphone.
    Example :
    -Hands free car phone system
    - A standard telephone or cellphone in speakerphone
    - Physical coupling (vibrations of the loudspeaker transfer
    to the
    microphone via the handset casing)

    ACOUSTIC ECHO

    SERIOUSNESS OF AE COMPARED TO
    NETWORK ECHO IN TELEPHONY
    Long delay.
    The echo path may change according
    movement of microphone.
    The background noise can be strong
    and non

    Acoustic Room Impulse Response

    ACOUSTIC ECHO CANCELLER

    GENERAL AGC PROCEDURE


    A far-end signal is delivered to acoustic
    feedback synthesizer
    The far-end signal is reproduced by the
    speaker
    A microphone picks up the sound
    The far-end signal is filtered and delayed .
    The filtered far-end signal is subtracted from
    the near end signal
    The resultant signal should not contain any
    direct or reverberated sound produced by the

    Requirements
    Fast convergence of
    adaptive filter.
    Stable convergence.
    No performance
    degradation for the real
    speech signal.

    ECHO CANCELLATION
    ALGORITHMS
    APA (Affine Projection Algorithm.

    FAP (Fast Affine Projection).

    VSS-APA (Variable step size APA).

    Affine Projection Algorithm(APA)


    Type of geometric transformation
    A geometric transformation that maps points
    and parallel lines to points and parallel lines
    Using lagrange multipliers with multiple
    weighting factors

    Fast Affine Projection (FAP)

    low complexity and memory


    requirements
    Computationally efficient then APA
    uses a sliding windowed FRLS to assist
    in a recursive calculation of the
    solution.

    Variable Step Size APA

    Variable Step Size APA


    Different step size for three different scenario
    Single talk
    Background noise only w(n)
    Double talk
    Background noise w(n) and near end speech u(n)
    Under-Modeling
    Echo caused by the part of the system that cannot be
    modeled

    CONCLUSION
    Acoustic echo is a type of interference in voice communication
    To eliminate it, best method is Adaptive filters
    Different algorithms
    -APA (Affine Projection Algorithm.
    - FAP (Fast Affine Projection).
    - VSS-APA (Variable step size APA).

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