Status of Women and Ethnic

Minorities
GROUP 6:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

ZAINAL ABI
110110101025
HUDIYONO HUDOYO
120110101072
AHMAD HASYIM W
120110101111
ANISA HIKMAH S
120110101083
ASMARA YUDA
130110101123
RIDHO AJI R
130110101042
LELY LUKMAN
130110101052

16 Century
th

WORK
Not allowed in the profession such as
doctors, lawyers, and teachers
Female employment was often menial and
low paid
Women were allowed to join some of the
guilds (organizations of trades people and
skilled workers)

EDUCATION
Girls didnt go to school
Girls from well off families were
usually educated at home
Tutors taught upper class
Middle class were taught reading,
writing, arithmetic, and skills like
sewing.

MARRIAGE
Marriages were usually arranged, except poorest
people
Divorce was unknown
Legally girls could marry when they were 12
years old
The majority of women married in their mid-20s

17th Century

SOCIAL STATUS
- In the 17th century the professions
(lawyer, doctor, teacher) were closed to
women.
- Most women were housewives and they
were kept very busy. Most men could not
run a farm or a business without their
wifes help.

WORK
- In the 17th century some of women worked spinning cloth.
- Women were also tailors, milliners, dyers, shoemakers and
embroiderers.
- Some women worked in food preparation such as brewers,
bakers or confectioners.

EDUCATION
- Only upper class women were highly educated.
- In the 17th century boarding schools for girls were
founded in many towns. In them girls were taught
subjects like writing, music, and needlework.
- In the 17th century girls were believed to only need to
be taught subjects that were more on the line of
abilities

The first Womens magazine

The Writer
Aphra Behn
(1640-1689)
The Philosopher
Mary Astell
(1666-1731)

POLITICS
- In 1648 Leveller women demonstrated
in London, calling for equal rights for
women and presenting a petition.
- In 1649 ten thousand Leveller women
signed
a second
women's
petition to
parliament.
It
is
particularly notable because the writers
claimed for all women an equal political
voice with men.

18 Century
th

STATUS AND WORK

- Women do not allowed work outside.
- Housework was very time consuming for
women
- Single women usually worked as spinner,
tailoresses, washerwomen.

EDUCATION
1. Well off families
-Went to boarding house
-Got good opportunities: reading, play musical
instruments, dancing, go to the theater,
2. Poor families
-Dame school (tought read and write)
-Charity school
Unfortunately, all women couldnt go to university

MARRIAGE
-Pregnancy was difficult and dangerous
-High infant mentality
-One of four children died before there were 5 years
old
-Most married women had several children but not all
could be survive.

19 Century
th

SOCIAL STATUS AND WORK

Langham Place Circlee of the 1850s, led by
Barbara Bodichon and Bessie Rayner Parkes. They
also campaigned for improved female rights in the
law, employment, education, and marriage.

The Langham Place

Group.
Barbara Bodichon, Emily
Davies and Bessie
Rayner Parkes.

During the 19th century the Industrial Revolution

transformed life in Britain and in other countries
in Europe

The women become

the breadwinner

Breadwinner: a person who earns

money to support a family.

For working class women life was an endless

round of hard work and drudgery. As soon as
they were old enough they worked on farms and
in factories.
In the 19th century at least 80% of the population
was working class. In order to be considered middle
class you had to have at least one servant.
Throughout the century 'service' was a major
employer of women.

POLITICS
1867 The London Society for Womens Suffrage is formed to
campaign for female suffrage.
in 1897 local groups of women who demanded the vote joined
to form the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies
(NUWSS). The organisation was moderate and its members
were called suffragists.

EDUCATION
Rather than attracting a husband through their domestic abilities, middle-class
girls were coached in what were known as accomplishments. These would be
learned either at boarding school or from a resident governess.

knowledge of music, singing,

drawing, dancing, and the
modern languages.; and besides
all this, she must possess a certain
something in her air and manner
of walking, the tone of her voice,
her address and expressions

20 century
th

SOCIAL STATUS & WORK

During the 20th century women gained equal rights
with men.
In 1916 the first policewoman (with full powers)
was appointed in Britain.
Nevertheless in the early 20th century it was unusual
for married women to work (except in wartime).

POLITICS
In 1902 A delegation of
womens textile workers
from Northern England
present a 37,000 signatory
petition to Parliament
demanding votes for women.

In 1918 in Britain women

over 30 were allowed to
vote. In 1928 they were
allowed to vote at the age
of 21 (the same as men).

Nancy Astor
(First British women as a member of House of Commons
in 1919)

Margaret Bondfield

(First British women as a cabinet Minister member in

1924)

Margaret Thatcher

(First British women who become Prime minister in 1979)

EDUCATION
Education Act of 1944
Before the introduction of Comprehensive Schools the
state education system in England was essentially
tripartite and was made up of
Grammar Schools
Secondary Modern Schools
Secondary Technical Schools

PRESENT

SOCIAL STATUS
The General Lifestyle Survey found most of British women
are not married, by the end of 2011 just 49 percent of
women over the age of 16 were wives in 2011.
MARRIED

UNMARRIED

WORK
Women have been drawn into the workforce in
millions but working in factories, offices and shops
has not led to an improvement in women's lives, far
less to liberation.
Women have been exploited and over-worked until
they willing to sacrifice their family live.
Unfairly low bonuses for women

POLITICS

THE STATUS OF ETHNIC MINORITIES

IN BRITAIN

THE HISTORY OF ETHNIC MINORITIES IMMIGRATION

TO BRITAIN

- Celtic tribe arrived in the Britsh Isles.

- Then came the Romans and Germanic Tribes
- The Norman Conquest in 1066
- The Portuguese and Spanish began buying slaves from African
and Arab merchants and taking them towork the plantations.
- In 1807, parliament banned the trade but not slavery itself
- And finally, parliament banned allslavery across the british
empire in 1833

Large scale immigration to Britain began

in the 1950s. However, after Thatcher
Governments British Nationality act in
1981, the immigration was ended and
Britain closed the door on immigration.
It was opened again in 1987 and led to
the immigration of people from Eastern
Europe such as Poland, Greece, Italy,etc.

2011 census shows that there are 12.9%

The
of the UK population in non-white
populatio
groups
and
87.1%
white.
n of
Ethnic Group
Total
Percentage
Ethnic
(%)
White
55.010.359
87,1 %
Minorities
Chinese

433.150

0,7 %

Pakistani

1.174.983

1,9 %

Bangladeshi

451.529

0,7 %

Black (African and

Caribbean)

1.904.684

3,0 %

Indian

1.412.958

2,3%

Other Asian

861.815

1,4 %

Gypsies/Irish Travelers

63.195

0,1 %

Mixed Multiple

1.250.229

2,0 %

Other Ethnic Groups

580.374

0,9 %

Ethnic Minorities and Education

Ethnic minorities get the equality in education like

another White British Group.

They have the same education system (primary school,
secondary school and higher school)

In 2011 census, educational

attainment has been increasing
among ethnic groups as a result of an
improvement in access to education
overseas and the increasing
proportion of ethnic minority people
educated in britain

The government policies aimed at raising the

attainment of ethnic minority pupils in schools.
They are also likely to have contributed to some of
the improvement, as migration policies. It is to
attract international students and high-skilled
migrants,
According to the research by the University of
Manchesters Centre on Dynamics and Ethnicity,
the number of people from ethnic minorities
gaining a degree-level qualification has risen
sharply over the pastdecade.

In 2011 census, the groups with the

highest proportion of people with
degree level qualifications were the
Chinese (43%), Indian (42%) and Black
African groups (40%).

the study revealed that the shift has failed to

translate into the workplace, with ethnic minorities
more likely to be left in low-paid jobs because of
inequalities in employment, in other word the
ethnic minority graduates did not find employment
as easily as their white counterparts.

Ethnic Minorities and Social life

A. Job Opportunity
-

There are 12.6% of the working-age

population are from ethnic minorities and
about 14% of them are unemployment.
They are more likely to work in lower
status and semi-skilled jobs than white
people.
Britain's ethnic minorities are facing
barriers to social mobility and job
opportunities

B. Poverty
- The unfair job opportunity that are
experienced by Ethnic Minorities
resulting the number of low-paid
worker increase.
- Now around two-fifth of
people from ethnic minorities
live in low-income
households.

Around 65% of
Bangladeshis,
50% of Pakistanis
and 30% of black
Africans
are in low-paid
households.

Ethnic minorities and politics

Ethnic minorities in
Britain has been
given the same
opportunity to
represent
themselves in
political activity
whether in party or
in parliament.

Ethnic Minorities in House of Lords

Ethnic minorities actually have the same opportunity
to represent themselves in house of lords but they are
outnumbered and still under-represented compared the
general population of UK.
There are currently 45 minority ethnic
members of the House of Lords, 5.3% of the
total membership of 847 peers.

The peers are mostly Indian and Bangladeshi.

House of Commons
In the 2015 General
Election there were 42
minority ethnic were
elected in House of
Commons, 15 more
than in the previous
election. In total this
equates to 6.6% of
total House of
Commons members.

REFERENCE:
http://www.stpaulgl.bham.sch.uk/_files/centenary/women_in_the_20th_and_21st_centuries.
doc
http://www.localhistories.org/vicwomen.html
Boyd Hilton, A Mad, bad, and Dangerous people? England 1783-1846 (2006) 353-55
http://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/gender-roles-in-the-19th-century
http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130401151715/http://www.education.gov.uk/publ
ications/eOrderingDownload/RTP01-03MIG1734.pdf
http://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/jun/12/ethnic-minorities-social-mobilityemployment
http://www.localhistories.org/women16thfam.html
http://www.localhistories.org/17thcenturywomen.html
http://www.parliament.uk/education/about-your-parliament/introduction/women-in-politics/
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2289923/Portrait-21st-century-British-woman-Onechildless-age-45-fewer-half-married.html