HEROPHILUS POPULARIZED ANATOMY DURING HIS TIME BUT WAS SEVERELY

CRITICIZED BY LATER ANATOMIST. WHY WAS HIS WORK SO CONTROVERSIONAL?

LECTURERS NAME : PUAN MUNIRAH BINTI SHABAN
STUDENTS NAME : NURUL DALILA ABD RAHMAN (1610170)
(LEADER)
UMI ATIAH LAHAB
(1618648)
NUR SHAFIRA RAMLI
(1610846)
NOOR HAZMIRA DAHALIM
(1614252)
NURUL ATIQAH RAZALI
(1610098)
NURFARINA SYAFIQAH
(1616146)
NUR HAZIRAH MOHD NAJIB
(1614580)
NURFARZANA MOHAMMAD ZAILANI (1617582)
YASMINA AHMAD UZHIR
(1618134)
NOR FARHANA ZAINAL
(1616916)

HEROPHILUS

BACKGROUND
Born in 335 B.C, Chalcedon, Asia Minor
Lived until the 255 B.C
Went to Alexandria at a youthful age to commence his
education.
He was under the guidance of Praxagoras of Cos.
His discoveries led him to become an acclaimed medical
practitioner.

DISCOVERIES
First person to perform systematic dissection of
human body : Father of anatomy
made observations in:

Cardiovascular
system

Reproductive
system

Digestive
system

Nervous
system

Eyes

CONTROVERSIAL ISSUES
Perform vivisection on condemned criminals awarded to
him and Erasistratus by the rulers of Alexandria.
His controversy was believed to be a main reason why
he did not received as much recognition for his scientific
investigations of human body as Hippocrates, Galen or
Vesalius.

CORRELIUS CELSUS

CLAUDIUS GALEN

- In his book De Medicina - In his writing, Galen only

mentioned that
comments on Herophilus
positively but only in his
anatomy and not on his
methodology.
- Galen recommended to use
- Celcus also critics that of
animal during vivisection
the dead body is necessity
instead of human.
for learners where the
corpse exhibit better than - This shows good indication of
does living and wounded
sensibilities of a man instead
man.
of being cruel, brutal and not
intelligence just like
Herophilus.

TERTULLIAN

- Tertullian called
Herophilus as a
butcher who cut up no
ends of person just to
investigate the secret
of nature which is
beyond of his limit.

Foot notes :
- The writing of Tertullian
is based on from Celsus
and Galen . ( copy and
paste )

ISLAMIZATION

??

Breaking the bone of person when dead is like breaking them

when they are still alive (Abu Dawud no. 3207)

??

WITH EXCEPTION

INAL INVESTIGATION : find out the causes of death or what crime was committed
GATION OF DISEASE : autopsy is called so that
ons may be taken or suitable treatments may be determined for those diseases.
3. MEDICAL EDUCATION : for purpose of learning but there are
guidelines for it.
- Get a permission from his/her heirs
- Only Dissect at necessary part of that dead body
- The bodies of women should not be dissected by anyone other
Allah intends for you ease and does not intend for you
than female doctors,
unless there are none.
hardship and [wants] for you to complete the period a
- Lastly, all parts of the dissected body must be buried afterwards.
glorify Allah for that [to] which He has guided you; and
perhaps you will be grateful. 2:185

REFERENCES :
1. Al Quran
2. Dissecting dead bodies in order to learn
medicine,islamqa.info , http://islamqa.info/en/92820/
3. Anatomy & Cell Biology, Noel Bay - Boon-Huat Bay,
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3026179/
4. Herophilus and vivisection: a re-appraisal, J. Ganz HM/ru History of Medicine/ru,2014

THEORY
First exploration what inside human body.
Founder of human anatomy.
Dissects and studies the human body from head to toe.
Dares to differ with the ultimate authority.
Two monumental works by Herophilus are entitled On
Anatomy and Of the Eyes.