Earth and Life

Science

GROUP 5

DIFFERENT WAYS
HOW
REPRESENTATIVE
ANIMALS
REPRODUCE

Reproduction(orprocreation,
breeding)isthebiologicalprocessby
whichnewindividualorganisms
"offspring"areproducedfromtheir
"parents".Reproductionisa
fundamentalfeatureofall
knownlife;eachindividualorganism
existsastheresultofreproduction.
Therearetwoformsof
reproduction:asexualandsexual.

Asexual reproduction
Asexualreproductionproducesan
identicalgeneticcopyoftheparentanimal
insteadofmergingthegenesoftwo
parents.Thismeansthattheoffspring
createdbyasexualreproductioncanbe
thoughtofasclones.Thistypeof
reproductioncanhelpapopulationtogrow
quickly,butitcanalsoleavethespeciesat
riskbecausethereisnovariationfromone
animaltothenext.Thislackofvariationcan
beathreatbecauseanentirepopulationcan
bewipedoutbyonething,likeadisease.

Inasexualreproduction,anorganismcan
reproducewithouttheinvolvementof
anotherorganism.Asexualreproductionis
notlimitedtosingle-celledorganisms.
Thecloningofanorganismisaformof
asexualreproduction.Byasexual
reproduction,anorganismcreatesa
geneticallysimilaroridenticalcopyofitself.
Theevolutionofsexualreproductionisa
majorpuzzleforbiologists.Thetwo-fold
costofsexisthatonly50%oforganisms
reproduceandorganismsonlypasson50%
oftheirgenes.

Common
forms of
Asexual
Reproduct

BUDDING

Inthisformofasexual
reproduction,anoffspring
growsoutofthebodyofthe
parent.
Buddingoccurscommonlyinsome
invertebrateanimalssuchascorals
andhydras.Inhydras,abud
formsthatdevelopsintoanadult,
whichbreaksawayfromthemain
body;whereasincoralbudding,
thebuddoesnotdetachand
multipliesaspartofanewcolony.

Ex. Corals and Hydras

Gemmules
(InternalBuds)

Inthisformof
asexual
reproduction,a
parentreleasesa
specializedmass
ofcellsthatcan
developinto
offspring.
Ex.Sponges

Fragmentation

Inthistypeof
reproduction,
thebodyofthe
parentbreaks
intodistinct
pieces,eachof
whichcan
producean
offspring.

Parthenogenesis
Thisisanembryothat
developsfromabody
partthatisnot
fertilised.Thistypeof
reproductionmainly
occursinarthropods
(ants,spiders,etc.)but
alsoinfishorreptiles.
Theyhaveoffspring
whosegenetic
componentsareexactly
thesamebecausethey
havenointervention
fromanyotherbody.

Regeneration

In
regeneration,if
apieceofa
parentis
detached,it
cangrowand
developintoa
completely
newindividual.

Fission
Fission,alsocalledbinary
fission,occursin
prokaryoticmicroorganisms
andinsomeinvertebrate,
multi-celledorganisms.
Afteraperiodofgrowth,an
organismsplitsintotwo
separateorganisms.Some
unicellulareukaryotic
organismsundergobinary
fissionbymitosis.Inother
organisms,partofthe
individualseparates,
formingasecondindividual.
Thisprocessoccurs,for
example,inmanyasteroid
echinodermsthrough
splittingofthecentraldisk.
Someseaanemonesand
somecoralpolypsalso
reproducethroughfission.

Sexual Reproduction

Duringsexualreproductionin
animals,ahaploidspermunites
withahaploideggcelltoforma
diploidzygote.Thezygotedivides
mitoticallyanddifferentiatesinto
anembryo.Theembryogrows
andmatures.Afterbirthor
hatching,theanimaldevelopsinto
amatureadultcapableof
reproduction.

Two patterns for bringing sperm

and eggs together.
External Fertilization

Animalsshedeggsandspermintothe

surroundingwater.Theflagellatedspermneed
anaquaticenvironmenttoswimtotheeggs,
theeggsrequirewatertopreventdryingout.
Mostaquaticinvertebrates,mostfish,andsome
amphibiansuseexternalfertilization.These
animalsreleaselargenumbersofspermandeggs,
therebyovercominglargelossesofgametesinthe
water.Inaddition,courtingbehaviorinsome
speciesbringsaboutthesimultaneousreleaseof
thegametes,whichhelpsinsurethatspermandeggmeet..
Acourtshipritualisawayofattractingamate.Somebirds,for
example,willpuffthemselvesup,callloudlyandperformadance
inanattempttoattractasuitablemate.Otheranimalsrelease
specialsmellstoattractpartners.

Internal Fertilization
Themaleintroducessperminsidethefemales
reproductivetractwheretheeggsarefertilized.
Internalfertilizationisanadaptionforlifeonland,
foritreducesthelossofgametesthatoccurs
duringexternalfertilization.Spermsareprovided
withafluid(semen)thatprovidesanaquatic
mediumforthespermtoswimwheninsidethe
male'sbody.Matingbehaviorandreproductive
readinessarecoordinatedandcontrolledby
hormonessothatspermandeggarebrought
togetherattheappropriatetime.

Fish and amphibians

Mostfishandamphibiansreproduceinanexternal
process.Thistakesplacewhenthefemaleofthespecies
layseggseitherinopenwateroraspeciallyprepared
nest.Themalethenfertilisestheeggsandtheyare
allowedtogrow.Thefertilisedeggsthenhatchanimals
thatfinishdevelopingintheirwateryenvironments.
Reptiles
Mostreptilesalsolayeggsbuttheireggsarefertilised
internally.Thismeansthatmalespermcellsaredelivered
intothebodyofthefemalewheretheycombinewith
femalesexcellstoproduceaneggoreggs.Manyreptiles
buildnestsfortheireggsandwhentheeggshatchsome
reptileswillleavetheiryoungtofendforthemselves
whileotherswillhelptheiryoungtofindfoodandgrow.

Birds
Likereptiles,birdslayeggsthathavebeenfertilisedinternally.Oneof
thereasonsthatbirdslayeggsisthatitwouldbeverydifficulttofly
withababygrowinginsidethem.Birdeggsneedtobekeptwarmso
thatthebabiesdevelopproperly.Thisisusuallydonebybuildinga
nestandthensittingontopoftheeggs.
Oncetheeggshavehatched,theparentswillnormallycontinueto
lookafterthebabybirds,feedingthemandprotectingthemuntilthey
arebigenoughtoleavethenest.See image 3
Mammals
Allmammalsfeedtheiryoungwithmilkfromthemother.Most
mammalsgivebirthtoliveyoung.Monotremes,liketheplatypusand
echidna,aretheonlymammalstolayeggs.Whentheiryoungare
hatched,theyfeedonmilkfromthemotheruntiltheyhavegrown
enoughtofindtheirownfood.Marsupialslike,thekangarooand
koala,givebirthtopartially-developedyoungcalledneonates(nee-ohnayts).Theseneonatescontinuetodevelopandgrowinthemother's
pouchwheretheyarefedmilk.Whentheyareoldenoughtheywill
leavethemother'spouchandfindtheirownfood.

QUESTIONS:
1. Itproducesanidenticalgeneticcopyof
theparentanimalinsteadofmergingthe
genesoftwoparents.(ASEXUAL)
2. Itisaformofasexualreproduction,
whereanoffspringgrowsoutofthe
bodyoftheparent.(BUDDING)
3. GiveoneexampleofBudding.
4. ATypeofreproduction,wherethebody
oftheparentbreaksintodistinctpieces,
eachofwhichcanproduceanoffspring.
(FRAGMENTATION)

5.Thisisanembryothatdevelopsfromabodypart
thatisnotfertilised.Thistypeofreproduction
mainlyoccursinarthropods.(Parthenogenesis)
6.Itisananimalthatcaneasilyreplaceanarmifit
islost.(SEASTARS)
7.Itoccursinprokaryoticmicroorganismsandin
someinvertebrate,multi-celledorganisms.
(FISSION)
8.Duringthiskindofreproduction,ahaploidsperm
uniteswithahaploideggcelltoformadiploid
zygote.(SEXUALREPRODUCTION)
9-10:GivetheTwopatternsforbringingspermand
eggstogether.