Chapter 14, Section 1

CRISIS AND ABSOLUTISM IN EUROPE

EUROPE IN CRISIS: THE WARS OF RELIGION

Intro by 1560 Calvinism and

Catholism had become militant. Chief
cause of religious wars.
Spains Militant Catholicism height of
Spanish power

King Philip II 1556-1598 -son of Charles V

inherited kingdoms of Milan, Naples,
Sicily, the Netherlands, and Spain and its
New World possessions.

SPAINS MILITANT CATHOLISM

Reconquista Catholic Kings expelled muslims and jews.

Catholism in the New World.
In order to strengthen his control, he insisted religious
conformity and monarchical authoritarian rule. Powerful navy.
Phip II The Most Catholic Kings saw his nation as chosen
by God to save Catholic Christianity from Protestants heretics.
Mixed results.

Lepanto 1571 Holy League against the Turks

Spanish Netherlands wanted to crush Calvinism

1566 sent 10,000 troos

Willian the Silent Dutch prince of Orange
1609 12 year truce
United Provinces of the Netherlands core of modern day Dutch state.

PROTESTANTISM IN ENGLAND

Elizabeth Tudor -1588 her state became the leader

of Protestant nations. After Bloody Mary
Intelligent, careful and self-confident

Repealed laws favoring Catholics

Act of Supremacy made her supreme governor of both
church and state
Followed a moderate Protestatism that kept most people
satisfied.
Moderate in foreign policy - balance of power

checked Spain and France from becoming too powerful by

supporting the weaker if in conflict.
Tried to evade war but could not escape conflict with Spain

DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH ARMADA

1588 Philip II sent a fleet of warships Armada

Invade England overthrow of Protestantism
Faster English ships and advanced technique and
gunpowder
Armada lost and retreated north without charts or
pilots, loosing half of the fleet and men.
Turning point:

Guaranteed that England would remain Protestant

Signaled a gradual shift of power away from Spain
England and France
England became a world power

FRENCH WARS OF RELIGION

French Wars of Religion 1562-1598 most fierce of XVI century

wars
Huguenots French protestants Calvinists.

7% of population
40-50% of nobility Huguenots northern and norhtwestern France
armies
Other issue, nobles vs central power of French monarch

30 years of War
Henry of Navarre Huguenot political leader inherited the
throne of France 1594, but decided to convert to Catholicism to
gain acceptance.
Issued the Edict of Nantes 1598 Recognized
Catholicism as te official religion of France but gave the
Huguenots the right to worship and to enjoy all political
privileges and hold public offices.

Chapter 14, Section 2

SOCIAL CRISES, WAR, AND

REVOLUTION

ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CRISES

1560-1650 economic and social crises

1600 economic slowdown and inflation

Spains economy based on imported silver was
failing 1640s
Mines less silver, pirates attacks
Loss of Muslims and Jews
Italy, financial center in decay
1500 population increase due to warmer climate

1620 leveled, 1650 declined

1650 warfare, plague and famine

THE HAMMER OF WITCHES

Witchcraft trials were part of village life

Hunt for heretics during XVI and XVII century
became a hysteria
100,000 charged and condemned

Commom people and poor without property

Women, 75% older widowed or single
Under intense torture, they confesed to allegiance to
the devil and the myths continued
By 1650 the witchcraft hysteria lessened, did not like
to disrupt society and found it unreasonalbe to
believe in old view of evil haunted spirits.

THE THIRTY YEARS WAR - CAUSES

1555 Peace of Augsberg but conflict continued in

Germany. Considered only Lutheranism and Catholicism
Failed to recognize Calvinism.
1600 Calvinism had spread through Europe.
Thirty Years War the last of the religious wars. 1618
1648 Peace of Westphalia
Causes:

Religious: Holy Roman Emperors with Catholic forces vs

Protestant primary Calvinist nobles in Bohemia

Holy Roman Empire wanted to convert Bohemian calvinists into

Catholicism

Political and territorial issues at stake

Denmark, Sweden, France and Spain entered and it became
more political

THIRTY YEARS WAR EFFECTS

All European countries except England involved in the

plundering and destruction of Germany
Peace of Westphalia 1648 ceased war, but ended the
Holy Roman Empire
Consequences:

Gave new territories to Sweden, France

Divided the more than 300 states of the Holy Roman Empire
into independent states.
Freedom to determine their own religion.
Freedom to conduct their own foreing policy.
Holy Roman Empire ceased to be a political entity.
Another 100 years would pass before German unification.

PEACE OF WESTPHALIA

ENGLISH REVOLUTION

End of Tudors with death of Queen Elizabeth I

Cousin King of Scotland James I divine right of kings (power from God and
responsible only to God)

Charles I, his son divine right.

Parliament did not think so.

Religion was an issue Puritants (English Anglicans inspired by Calvinists ideas) did not like
the Kings defense of the Church of England
Gentry (landowners) had become Puritans
Puritan gentry formed important part of lower house of Parliament.
1628 Parliament passed Petition of Right limits on kings ability to tax, imprison citizens
without a cause, quarter troops, and institute marshal law. He initially accepted Petition but
later ignored it.
Tried to impose more ritual on the Church of England.
Puritans left to America

1642 Civil war and Commomwealth

Cavalier or royalists
Roundheads parliamentary forces victory due to Oliver Cromwell New Model Army
extreme Puritans known as the Independents.
Cromwell purged Parliament of dissenters.
Rump Parliament had Charles I executed Janualy 30, 1649
Parliament abolished monarchy and became a Commonwealth, type of republic
Rum Parliament difficult to work with and dispersed it
Cromwell set up military dictatorship 1649 - 1658

ENGLISH RESTORATION

Cromwell military dictatorship until 1658 death.

George Monk 1660 created conditions to restore
Stuart dynasty, Charles II, the son of Charles I
Parliament remain stronger taxation consent.
Charles sympathetic to Catholicism, James Catholic
Parliament passed Test Act only Anglicans could hold
military or civil offices.
Charles II converted to Catholicism on his death bed.
James II became king 1685 name Catholics to high
positions
Parliament did not rebel old man and 2 Protestant
daughters
Son with second wife

A GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

English nobles invite Dutch leader, William of Orange married to Mary,

daughter of James II.
1688 invasion November landed at Torbay and began march to London
James sent army, but desertion of soldiers and defection of his daugther
and husband Anne.
Retreated to France
January 1689 Parliament offered throne to William and Mary.
Accepted along with a Bill of Rights which created government based
on Rule of Law and freely elected by Parliament.
Bill laid foundation for limited, constitutional monarchy.

Toleration Act of 1689 granted Puritans, but not Catholics the

right for public worshipping no more persecution on relition
By deposing one king and establishing another, Parliament destroyed the
divine-right theory of kinship.
William was king by the grace of Parliament, not God.
Over the years, Parliament will gradually prove to be the real authority in
the English system of constitutional monarchy.

Chapter 14, Section 3

RESPONSE TO CRISIS: ABSOLUTISM

FRANCE UNDER LOUIS XIV

Seek stability by increasing power of the

monarch
Absolutism system in which a ruler
holds total power

17th c. Divine right

Louis XIV best example

French culture, language, manners reached

highest levels
French diplomacy and wars
Court imitated throughout Europe

RICHELIEU AND MAZARIN LOUIS

XIV

Louis XIII and XIV came to throne as boys

Royal ministers ruled
Cardinal Richelieu Louis XIIIs chief minister,
strenghtened monarchy power

Took away power from Huguenots amid tolerance

No political or military rights

Spies network and crushed conspiracies by nobles

Louis XIV throne age of 4

Cardinal Mazarin, chief minister took over govt.

Crushed revolt my nobles
Many French decided that stability depended on a strong
monarch
When Mazazin died 1661, Loius XIV took over supreme
power at age of 23. Desire to be the only and sole king.

THE SUN KING

LOUIS XIV GOVERNMENT AND

RELIGION

Royal court at Versailles

Personal house of the king

Chief offices of the state
Entertain nobility and keep them busy amid less power

Ministers had to obey him

Less power at provinces but managed get his way

Keep them close to him and at his favor

Louis bribed important people so his policies would be carried out at the
local level.

Religion Louis himself was a strong believer that the Roman

Catholic Church was an essential tool within France for
maintaining control over the people.
anti-Protestant policies aimed at converting Huguenots

Ordered closing of their churches and schools

>200,000 Huguenots fled to England, United Provinces, and German
states

LOUIS XIV ECONOMY AND WAR

Jean-Baptiste Colbert controller-general of finances

Mercantilism
Increase exports and reduce imports;

Built roads and canals

Merchant marine to carry French goods
Standing army numbering 400,000.
1667-1713 four wars to strengthen his rule and the
Bourbon dynasty in Europe (Spanish War of Succession)

by granting subsidies to new industries producing exports

Imposing tariffs on imports

Member of his family to the Spanish thrown

New territories
Nations had to form coalitions to prevent him from
dominating Europe.

LEGACY OF LOUIS XIV

Died in 1715

On death bed seemed remorseful and

cautioned his great-grandson:

Left France with tons of debt

Surrounded by enemies

Try to remain at peace with neighbors. I loved war

too much. Do not follow me in that or in
overspending.Lighten your peoples burden as
soon as posible

Apparently his great grand-son did not listen

After 30 Years War - >300 independent states

Prussian and Austria emerge as powerful

ABSOLUTISM IN CENTRAL AND

EASTERN EUROPE

EMERGENCE OF PRUSSIA

Frederick William the Great Elector

Built a large and efficient standing army 4th

largest Europe
General War Commissariat to levy taxes and
finance army later became chief instrument
to govern
Officials landed aristocracy Junkers who
also served as army officers
In 1701 his son Frederick Elector Frederick
III became King Frederick I.

THE NEW AUSTRIAN EMPIRE

After losing the Holy Roman Empire, Austrian

Hapsburgs created new empire in eastern
sotheastern Europe

Austria, Czech Rep, and Hungary - core

Defeated the Turks in Vienna 1683 gained all of
Hungary, Transylvania, Slovenia.
Was never centralized politically
Each had its own laws and political life
No common sentiment
Only held together by service to the Emperorarchduke of Austria, King of Bohemia, and king of
Hungary.

RUSSIA PETER THE GREAT

New Russian state 15 c. Muscovy and its grand dukes

16th c. Ivan IV became czar (ceasar)
Ivan expanded territories eastward
Crushed nobility boyars
Ivan the Terribre ruthless deeds stabbed his own son
Dinasty ended 1598
National assembly chose Michael Romanov as new czar
in 1613 ruled until 1917
Peter The Great - became czar in 1689
Visited the west, determined to modernize and
westernize Russia technology
Modernization of army and navy
By 1725 Russia was a great military power and important
military state.

ST. PETERSBURG

CULTURAL CHANGES AND NEW

CAPITAL

Western manners and etiquette

War with Sweden acquired port city in Baltic
Sea
1703 construction of a new city St, Petersburg
Base for new Russian navy and window to the
west.
Shipbuilding skills from the west to build new
warships
Became Russias most important port and capital
until 1918.

ST. PETERSBURG PETERHOF 1714 1725

MILITARY AND GOVERNMENTAL

CHANGES

First Russian navy

Reorganized army
Employed both Russian and European officers
Drafted peasants 25 year service
Built 210,000 standing army
Impose central govt, divided state into provices
police state well-ordered community governed by law
Honest service and duty to the state
His personality created an atmosphere of fear
Problem few bureaucrats shared his sense of civic duty
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Chapter 14, Section 4

THE WORLD OF EUROPEAN CULTURE

XVI XVII CENTURY

ITALIAN RENAISSANCE

MANNERISM

Italy 1520-1530
Reformation revival of
religious values brought
anxiety
Broke down High
Renaissance principles
of balance, harmony
and moderation
El Greco elongated
and contorted figures

BAROQUE

Italy end of 16th c.

Catholic counter reformation
movement
Blended classical ideals with
spiritual feelings of the 16th
Reflected a search for power
Churches and palaces were
magnificent and richly
detailed and dramatic
Gian Lorenzo Bernini St.
Peters Cathedral

AFTER RENAISSANCE .

MANNERISM

El Greco

BAROQUE GIAN LORENZO BERNINI (1598-1680)

Saint Peters
Basilica

Baldachin and
Throne of St. Peter

GOLDEN AGE OF LITERATURE

William Shakespeare
Elizabethan era
1580-1640
The Globe Theatre
Shakespeare complete
man of theater
Theater for all social
classes
Intense drama
Insight of human
psychology

SPAINS CERVANTES AND LOPE DE

VEGA

Miguel de Cervantes
Don Quijote de la
Mancha

Ideal
realism

Lope de Vega
Playwright 1,500
plays
500 survive today
Witty, action packed
and realistic

POLITICAL THOUGHT 17TH C.

Concerns with order and

power
English revolutions
Thomas Hobbes

Leviathan 1651
Humans guided not by
reason or moral ideals but
from ruthless struggle for
self-preservation
Social contract state
Absolute power needed to
preserve order in society

John Locke

Two Treatise of Government

1679
Argues against absolute rule of one
person
Before society, humans state of
freedom and equality
Natural rights live, liberty, property
People could overthrow governments
and rulers who broke contract and
become abusive.
people landholding aristocracy.
Ideas important to US and French
Revolution
American Declaration of
Independence