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Chap3. Methods of Analysis
Chap3. Methods of Analysis
Chap3. Methods of Analysis
Chapter 3
Methods of Analysis
Introduction
Nodal analysis
Nodal analysis with voltage source
Mesh analysis
Mesh analysis with current source
Nodal and mesh analyses by inspection
Nodal versus mesh analysis
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Figure 3.1
Common symbols for indicating a reference node,
(a) common ground, (b) ground, (c) chassis.
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Figure 3.2
Typical circuit for nodal analysis
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I1 I 2 i1 i2
I 2 i2 i3
vhigher vlower
i
R
v1 0
i1
or i1 G1v1
R1
v1 v2
i2
or i2 G2 (v1 v2 )
R2
v2 0
i3
or i3 G3v2
R3
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v1 v1 v2
I1 I 2
R1
R2
v1 v2 v2
I2
R2
R3
I1 I 2 G1v1 G2 (v1 v2 )
I 2 G2 (v1 v2 ) G3v2
G1 G2
G2
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G2
G2 G3
v1 I1 I 2
v2 I 2
7
Example 3.1
Calculate the node voltage in the circuit shown
in Fig. 3.3(a)
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Example 3.1
At node 1
i1 i2 i3
v1 v2 v1 0
5
4
2
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Example 3.1
At node 2
i2 i4 i1 i5
v2 v1 v2 0
5
4
6
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10
Example 3.1
In matrix form:
1 1
2 4
1
4
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1
4
1 1
6 4
v1 5
v 5
2
11
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Example 3.2
Determine the voltage at the nodes in Fig.
3.5(a)
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13
Example 3.2
At node 1,
3 i1 ix
v1 v3 v1 v2
3
4
2
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Example 3.2
At node 2
ix i2 i3
v1 v2 v2 v3 v2 0
2
8
4
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Example 3.2
At node 3
i1 i2 2ix
v1 v3 v2 v3 2(v1 v2 )
4
8
2
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Example 3.2
In matrix form:
3
4
1
2
3
4
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2
7
8
9
1
4
1
8
3
8
v1
v
2
v3
17
18
i1 i4 i2 i3
v1 v2 v1 v3 v2 0 v3 0
2
4
8
6
v2 v3 5
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19
20
Example 3.3
For the circuit shown in Fig. 3.9, find the node
voltages.
i1
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i2
2 7 i1 i 2 0
v1 v2
27 0
2 4
v1 v2 2
21
Example 3.4
Find the node voltages in the circuit of Fig. 3.12.
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Example 3.4
At suopernode 1-2,
v3 v2
v1 v4 v1
10
6
3
2
v1 v2 20
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Example 3.4
At supernode 3-4,
v1 v4 v3 v2 v4 v3
3
6
1 4
v3 v4 3(v1 v4 )
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25
Fig. 3.15
(a) A Planar circuit with crossing branches,
(b) The same circuit redrawn with no crossing branches.
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Fig. 3.16
A nonplanar circuit.
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Fig. 3.17
A circuit with two meshes.
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30
R3
R2 R3
i1 V1
i2 V2
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I 3 i1 i2
31
Example 3.5
Find the branch current I1, I2, and I3 using
mesh analysis.
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Example 3.5
For mesh 1,
15 5i1 10(i1 i2 ) 10 0
3i1 2i2 1
For mesh 2,
6i2 4i2 10(i2 i1 ) 10 0
i1 2i2 1
We can find i1 and i2 by substitution method or
Cramers rule. Then, I1 i1 , I 2 i2 , I 3 i1 i2
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Example 3.6
Use mesh analysis to find the current I0 in the
circuit of Fig. 3.20.
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Example 3.6
Apply KVL to each mesh. For mesh 1,
24 10(i1 i2 ) 12(i1 i3 ) 0
11i1 5i2 6i3 12
For mesh 2,
24i2 4(i2 i3 ) 10(i2 i1 ) 0
5i1 19i2 2i3 0
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Example 3.6
For mesh 3, 4 I 0 12(i3 i1 ) 4(i3 i2 ) 0
At node A, I 0 I1 i2 ,
4(i1 i2 ) 12(i3 i1 ) 4(i3 i2 ) 0
i1 i2 2i3 0
36
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Case 1
Current source exist only in one mesh
i1 2A
One mesh variable is reduced
Case 2
Current source exists between two meshes, a
super-mesh is obtained.
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38
Fig. 3.23
a supermesh results when two meshes have a
(dependent , independent) current source in
common.
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Properties of a Supermesh
1. The current is not completely ignored
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40
Example 3.7
For the circuit in Fig. 3.24, find i1 to i4 using
mesh analysis.
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6i1 14i2 20
i1 i2 6
42
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44
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(3.8)
MATRIX
G1 G2
G2
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G2
G2 G3
v1 I1 I 2
v2 I 2
46
i1
i
2
G G G
N1 N 2
NN
v
N
i
N
or simply
Gv = i
47
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R3
R2 R3
i1 v1
i2 v2
48
49
Example 3.8
Write the node voltage matrix equations in
Fig.3.27.
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50
Example 3.8
The circuit has 4 nonreference nodes, so
1 1
1 1 1
G11 0.3, G22 1.325
5 10
5 8 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
G33 0.5, G44 1.625
8 8 4
8 2 1
1
G12 0.2, G13 G14 0
5
1
1
G21 0.2, G23 0.125, G24 1
8
1
G31 0, G32 0.125, G34 0.125
G41 0, G42 1, G43 0.125
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Example 3.8
The input current vector i in amperes
i1 3, i2 1 2 3, i3 0, i4 2 4 6
The node-voltage equations are
0.3 0.2
0
0
v1 3
v 3
0.2 1.325 0.125 1
2
0 0.125 0.5
0.125 v3 0
0 1
0.125
1.625 v4 6
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Example 3.9
Write the mesh current equations in Fig.3.27.
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Example 3.9
The input voltage vector v in volts
v1 4, v2 10 4 6,
v3 12 6 6, v4 0, v5 6
The mesh-current equations are
9
2
2
0
0
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2 2 0 0 i1
4
10 4 1 1 i2
6
4 9 0 0 i3 6
0
1
0 8 3 i4
6
1
0 3 4 i5
54
55
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Example 3.13
For the BJT circuit in Fig.3.43, =150 and VBE
= 0.7 V. Find v0.
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Example 3.13
Use mesh analysis or nodal analysis
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Example 3.13
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3.10 Summery
1. Nodal analysis: the application of KCL at the
nonreference nodes
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Homework
Problems 7, 12, 20, 31(write down required
equations only), 39, 49, 53(write down
required equations only)
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