Basic Block Diagram of Op-Amp

An Op-Amp can be conveniently divided in to four main blocks

1.
An Input Stage or Input Diff. Amp.
2.
The Gain Stage
3.
The Level Translator
4.
An Out put Stage
Note: It can be used to perform various mathematical operations such
as Addition, Subtraction, Integration, Differentiation, log etc.

V1
I/P

V2

Input Stage
(Diff. Amp.)

Gain Stage
(C E Amp.)

Level
Shifter

Out put
Stage
(Buffer)

Op-Amp IC

VO

An IDEAL OP AMP
An ideal op amp has the following characteristics:
1.

Infinite open-loop voltage gain, AV .

2.

Infinite input resistance, Ri .

3.

Zero output resistance, Ro 0.

4.
5.

Infinite CMRR, =
The output voltage Vo=0; when Vd = V2-V1 = 0

6.
7.

Change of output with respect to input, slew rate =

Change in out put voltage with Temp., Vo/Vi=0

An Electrical Representation of Op Amp.

The Operational Amplifier

+VS
Inverting

i(-)

RO

vid
Noninverting

i(+)

Ri

Output

vO = AdVid

+
-VS

i(+), i(-) : Currents into the amplifier on the inverting and non-inverting lines
respectively
vid : The input voltage from inverting to non-inverting inputs
+VS , -VS : DC source voltages, usually +15V and 15V
Ri : The input resistance, ideally infinity
A : The gain of the amplifier. Ideally very high, in the 1x10 10 range.
RO: The output resistance, ideally zero
vO: The output voltage; vO = AOLvid where AOL is the open-loop voltage gain

Operational Amplifier Model

An operational amplifier circuit is designed so that

1) Vout = Av (V1-V2) (Av is a very large gain)
2) Input resistance (Rin) is very large
3) Output resistance (Rout) is very low

V1

Rout

Rin
V2

+
-

Av(V1- V2)

Vout

Practical Op-Amp Circuits

These Op-amp circuits are commonly used:
Inverting Amplifier
Noninverting Amplifier
Unity Follower
Summing Amplifier
Integrator
Differentiator

InvertingOpAmp
Slide 7

Rf
Vo
V1
R1

NoninvertingAmplifier

Rf
Vo (1
) V1
R1
NoticetheoutputformulaissimilartoInvertingAmplifier,buttheyarenotthesame.

SummingAmplifier

Becausetheopamphasahighinputimpedancethemultipleinputsaretreatedasseparateinputs.

Rf
Rf
Rf
Vo
V1
V2
V3
R2
R3
R1

SummingAmplifier

Inverting Amplifier: Input and Output

Resistances
Rout is found by applying a test current
(or voltage) source to the amplifier
output and determining the voltage (or
current) after turning off all
independent sources. Hence, vs = 0
vo i R i R
2 2 11
But i1=i2
vo i (R R )
1 2 1
vs

R R sincev 0
in i
1
s

Since v- = 0, i1=0. Therefore vo

= 0 irrespective of the value of io
.
Rout 0

Differential Amplifier Using Op Amp

I/P Current to op amp is zero

v v
v1 v
i1
R1
v v0
i1
R2
v

R2
v2
R1 R2

v1 v v v0

R1
R2
v1

R2
R2
v2
v2 v0
R1 R2
R R2
1
R1
R2

Differential Amplifier Using Op Amp

R2
R2
v1
v2
v2 v0
R1 R2
R1 R2

R1
R2
R2
R2
R22
v0 v1
v2
v2
R1
R1 R2
R1 R1 R2
R2
R2
R2
v0 v1
1 v2
R1
R1 R2
R1

R2
v0
v2 v1
R1

The Unity-Gain Amplifier or Buffer

This is a special case of the non-inverting amplifier, which is also called a voltage
follower, with infinite R1 and zero R2.
Hence Av = 1.
It provides an excellent electrical isolation while maintaining the signal voltage
level.
The ideal buffer requires no input current and can drive any desired load
resistance without loss of signal voltage.
Such a buffer is used in many sensor and data acquisition system applications.

Unity-Gain Buffer
Closed-loop voltage gain

vo
AF
vi
vi v v vo
vi v v vo
v
AF o 1
vi
Used as a "line driver" that transforms a high input impedance (resistance) to
a low output impedance. Can provide substantial current gain.

Op-Amp Integrator

Op-Amp Integrator Cont

Since the inverting input is at virtual ground

v in
i1
R
dv
i2 C o
dt
Applying KCL at the inverting input
i1+i2 = 0

dv o v in

0
dt
R
1
vo
v in dt v o (initial)

RC
C

Op-Amp Differentiator Circuit

Op-Amp Differentiator Cont

Since the inverting input is at virtual ground

dv in
i1 C
dt
vo
i2
R
Applying KCL at the inverting input
i1+i2 = 0

dv in v o
C

0
dt
R
dv in
v o RC
dt
Differentiators are avoided in practice as they amplify noise

Instrumentation Amplifier
R
vo 4 (va v )
b
R
3
va iR i(2R ) iR v
2
1
2 b
NOTE

Combines 2 non-inverting amplifiers

with the difference amplifier to provide
higher gain and higher input
resistance.
Gain can be varied by varying single
resistor R1

v v
i 1 2
2R
1
R R
vo 4 1 2 (v v )
R
R 1 2
3
1
Ideal input resistance is infinite
because input current to both op
amps is zero. The CMRR is
determined only by Op Amp 3.

Finite Open-loop Gain and Gain Error

vo Av A(vs v ) A(vs vo )
1
id
vo
A
Av

v s 1 A

R
1 v v
v
o
1 R R o
1 2
R
1

is called the
R R
feedback factor.
1 2

R
1
Av 1 2

R
1
This is the ideal voltage gain
of the amplifier. If A is not
>>1, there will be Gain Error.

 Gain Error is given by

GE = (ideal gain) - (actual gain)
For the non-inverting amplifier,
GE

1
A
1

1 A (1 A )

Gain error is also expressed as a

fractional or percentage error.

1
A

1
1
FGE 1 A

1
1 A A

1
PGE
100%
A

Output Voltage and Current Limits

Practical op amps have limited
output voltage and current ranges.
Voltage: Usually limited to a few
volts less than power supply span.
Current: Limited by additional
circuits (to limit power dissipation or
protect against accidental short
circuits).
The current limit is frequently
specified in terms of the minimum
load resistance that the amplifier can
drive with a given output voltage
swing. Eg:
5V
io
10mA
500

io i i
L F

vo

vo

vo

R R R
L
2 1
EQ
R R (R R )
EQ L 1 2
R

For the inverting amplifier,

R
R R
EQ L 2

Bistable