Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Audit and Assurance Services
Audit and Assurance Services
Audit and Assurance Services
Attestation Services
and Auditing
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Assurance Services
Assurance services are professional
services that improve the quality of
information for decision makers.
Assurance services can be
performed by CPAs or by
a variety of other professionals.
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Attestation Services
An attestation service is a type of assurance
service in which the CPA firm issues a
report about the reliability of an assertion
that is the responsibility of another party.
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Attestation Services
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ATTESTATION SERVICES
Audits
Reviews
Internal Control
over Financial Reporting
Other Attestation Services
(e.g., WebTrust, SysTrust)
Certain
Management
Consulting
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Accounting and
Bookkeeping
Tax
Services
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Nature of Auditing
Auditing is the accumulation and evaluation
of evidence about information to determine
and report on the degree of correspondence
between the information and established criteria.
Auditing should be done by a competent,
independent person.
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Types of Audits
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Operational Audit
Example
Information
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Compliance Audit
Example
Information
Company records
Established
Loan agreement provisions
Criteria
Available
Evidence
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Information
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Reporting
The final stage in the auditing process is preparing
the Audit Report, which is the communication
of the auditors findings to users.
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Audit Reports
Standar Audit
Seksi 508
2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 11/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder
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Standard unqualified
Unqualified with
explanatory paragraph
or modified wording
Qualified
Adverse or disclaimer
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[Sama dengan paragraf pertama dan kedua laporan auditor bentuk baku]
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Relationship of Materiality to
Type of Opinion
Materiality Significance in Terms of
Type of
Level
Reasonable Users Decisions Opinion
Users decisions are unlikely
Immaterial to be affected.
Unqualified
Material
Qualified
Highly
material
Disclaimer
or adverse
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Material
Extremely
Material
Unqualified
report
Disclaimer
of opinion
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Material
Extremely
Material
Unqualified
report
Additional paragraph
and qualified opinion
(except for)
Adverse
opinion
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Level of Materiality
Immaterial
Material
Extremely
Material
Disclaimer of opinion
(regardless of materiality)
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Number of Paragraphs
in the Report
Type of Report
Standard unqualified
Unqualified with explanatory paragraph
Unqualified shared report with other auditors
Qualified opinion only
Qualified scope and opinion
Disclaimer scope limitation
Adverse
2006 Prentice Hall Business Publishing, Auditing 11/e, Arens/Beasley/Elder
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