System Analyses of Forestry, Forest

Products and Recovered Wood

Activities and Results from COST

Action E9 and E31
Gerfried Jungmeier
International Conference Efficient Use of Biomass for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation
stersund, Sweden, September 30 October 1, 2003

Overview
Outlook

Scope&Goal

Activities in COST Action E31

Recovered Wood
Allocation

Results of COST Action E9

Energy Aspects in LCA

Waste Treatment Option

Introduction

COST Action E9 and E31

What is COST?

COST Action E9 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Forestry and

Forest Products (1997 2001, 4 Working Groups)
1.
2.
3.
4.

European Co-operation in the field of Science and Technical Research

Support from European Commission
Networking activity

Production: energy, carbon, and other material cycle

Land use
End of life: recycling, disposal and energy production
Methodology

COST Action E31 Management of Recovered Wood (2002 2006; 2

Working Groups)
1.
2.

European Management of Recovered Wood

Treatment Option for Recovered Wood

LCA-Wood Product:
Example Newspaper

forestry

harvesting

production
transport

pulp& paper production

use
consumer

end of life

combustion

forestry

construction

harvesting

transport

operation
electricity

dismantling

combustion

fuel preparation

LCA-Bioenergy:
Example Electricity

Linkage: LCA-Wood Products

and LCA-Bioenergy
biomass production
system boundary

recycled
biomass

material use
of wood

energetic use
of wood

production

construction

use
internal
energy

end of life

wood product

operation
internal
biomass

dismantling

energy

Results of COST Action E9

Allocation in LCA for
forest products

Guidelines, recommendations
and conclusions

Energy aspects in LCA for

forest products

Waste management options

for wooden products

Forestry

particle boards

paper

Consumption

wood
products
heat&
electricity

Forestry

tops&branches

fibre wood
round wood
wood chips, saw-dust

bark, saw dust, side-cuts, wood chips

Sawmill
timber

saw dust, shavings

Wood industry
bark, black liqueur, sludge

P&P industry
wood waste

Part. board industry

particle boards

paper

Consumption

wood
products
heat&
electricity

Forestry

tops&branches

fibre wood
round wood
wood chips, saw-dust

bark, saw dust, side-cuts, wood chips

Sawmill
timber

internal
heat&
electricity

saw dust, shavings

Wood industry
bark, black liqueur, sludge

P&P industry
wood waste

Part. board industry

particle boards

paper

Consumption

wood
products
heat&
electricity

Landfill

CHP plant

Forestry

tops&branches

fibre wood
round wood
wood chips, saw-dust

bark, saw dust, side-cuts, wood chips

Sawmill
timber

internal
heat&
electricity

saw dust, shavings

Wood industry
bark, black liqueur, sludge

P&P industry
wood waste

Part. board industry

particle boards

paper

Consumption
solid&fibre wood
wood fibre
paper fibre

wood
products
heat&
electricity

Recycling of wood
Recycling of part. boards

Recycling of paper

paper waste

Landfill

landfill gas

fibres, saw dust,

shavings, wood chips
wood based board waste

CHP plant

Avoid Allocation by Combining LCA

Wood Products and LCA Bioenergy

LCA
bioenergy

LCA
woodproduct

LCA
non-wooden
product

product
&
energy

LCA
conventional
energy

In LCA of Wood Products

Substitute Bioenergy
LCA
bioenergy

+
-

LCA
woodproduct

LCA
conventional
energy

product
Describe criteria for the substitution of energy!

LCA
non-wooden
product

Criteria for Energy Substitution

Socio-economic
and other factors

Kind of
energy output

Quality of
energy output

Costs

Substitution of
fossil energy

Energy supply/demand
characteristics

Kind of fossil
fuel substituted

State of
technology

substitution rate <

100%

Aspects of
Energy Generation in LCA
external costs

technology

substitution of
conventionell energy

internal costs
nutrient recycling

logistics
ash treatment

comparison other
biomasse use

legislation

fuel handling
carbon balance
auxiliary energy

energy balance

Energy Balance of LCA BioenergyDistrict Heat

1.37

0.004

collection

0.004

0.04
chipping

1.37

0.02

0.14
storage

1.35

Energy losses
Auxiliary energy: fuel
Energy in biomass

0.03

0.34

transport

1.49

0.02

0.21

heating plant

1.48

All units in kWh

0.04

distribution

1.18

0.03

Cumulated Primary Energy Demand

LCA of Bioenergy for District Heat
1,6

1.51

1.42

1,4
91% renewable

1,2
1,0

97%
non-renewable

0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0
wood chips

natural gas

oil
natural gas
water
coal
others
biomass

Cumulated Primary Energy Need in

LCA of Wooden Product - Newspaper
6
5.3
5
4
3
2

3.6

nuclear
oil
natural gas
water
coal
others
biomass

1
0
Sweden/fresh fibres
Germany/waste paper
electricity need: Sweden/fresh fibres 3.4 MWh/t,
Germany/recycled fibres 0.95 MWh/t

Carbon Balance of LCA Wooden

Product - Plywood
Atmosphere +280 kg C (1,025 kg CO2)
500
1,550

4 (14.5)

10 (36.5) 50
harvesting

cultivation

transport
1,050

1,550
4

6 (22)

10

500
fabrication

1,000
6

260 (952)

500
use

500
plywood
260

Lithosphere -280 kg C (with landfill + 220 kg C)

Fossil carbon flow in auxiliary energy: kg C (kg CO2)

Biomass carbon flow: kg C

combustion

end of life
500
500

landfill

Waste Wood Treatment Options:

waste wood,
waste paper or
waste particle boards

landfill

recycling

energy generation

Waste Wood Treatment Options:

Input Related Comparison
waste wood,
waste paper or
waste particle boards

impacts
landfill

impacts
energy
generation

impacts
recycling
landfill

recycling

energy generation

fibres

energy

In- and Output Related Comparison

waste wood,
waste particle boards,
waste paper

energy
generation

recycling

landfill

fibres

energy

In- and Output Related Comparison

impacts
landfill

waste wood,
waste particle boards,
waste paper

other resources

system 1:
landfill
landfill

energy
generation

acquisition
fresh fibres

fibres

energy
generation

recycling

energy

In- and Output Related Comparison

impacts
landfill

waste wood,
waste particle boards,
other resources
impacts
waste paper
recycling

system 1:
landfill
landfill

energy
generation

system 2:
recycling
acquisition
fresh fibres

fibres

recycling

energy
generation

energy

impacts
energy
generation

system 3:
energy
generation
energy
generation

acquisition
fresh fibres

Paper Recycling Versus Energy

Generation - Austria
3
2,8
2,6

current situation in Austria

2,4
2,2
2
1,8

more paper recycling

more energy generation

1,6
30%

40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
Use of collected waste paper for recycling

90%

Energy Generation Versus Landfill

and Recycling of Waste Wood
24

CO2

CH4

N2O

CO2-eq

396
-14

487

energy generation avoiding waste wood recycling

energy generation avoiding waste wood landfill

3
3
2

fuel oil

29
400

476

-100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Greenhouse gas emission factor [g CO2-eq/kWh]

What is Recovered Wood

in COST Action E31?
Recovered wood includes all kinds of wooden material that is available at
the end of its use as a wooden product (post-consumer or post-use wood).

Recovered wood mainly comprises

+ packaging materials,
+ demolition wood,
+ timber from building sites and
+ fractions of used wood from residential, industrial & commercial activities.
Therefore not in the scope of COST E31 are
forestry residues (tops, thinnings and branches) from forest operations and
black liqueur from pulp production.

Origins of Recovered Wood

Main focus of COST Action E31

Wood processing side

Wood utilisation side

- saw mill

- construction and demolition activities

- wood manufacturing industry

- residential and commercial sectors

- particle board industry

- packaging collection

Objectives
Analysis of management approaches
for recovered wood in European
countries

Improvement of databases on
technical, economical, ecological
and statistical information

COST Action E31

Management of Recovered Wood

Examine potentials of recovered wood

as

secondary raw materials

energy sources

Identify promising approaches for

implementation of advanced
systems for the management of
recovered wood

The Working Triangle

Multi-disciplinary Seminars,
Workshops and
Conferences

Workgroup 1

Workgroup 2

European Management

Treatment Options

of Recovered Wood

for Recovered Wood

Countries Participating in
COST Action E31
http://www.ctib-tchn.be/coste31

16 Countries signed
Memorandum of
Understanding (MoU)
3 Countries interested

Benefits of COST Action E31

Expand the relevant data base

Provide strategic information for stakeholders

Bring together a multi-disciplinary and multi-cultural team

Establish a European forum for the management of recovered wood

Give an overview of the different management options for recovered wood

Motto of COST Action E31

Management of Recovered Wood
Improvement of the management
of
recovered wood
towards a higher
common
technical, economic and environmental
standard
Source: Memorandum of Understanding from COST Action E31

2nd ANNOUNCEMENT AND CALL FOR PAPERS

Outlook
Management of Recovered Wood - Recycling,
Bioenergy, and Other Options 1st Conference of
COST Action E31
http://www.ctib-tchn
22 24 April 2004
.be/coste31

Amphitheatre of the Museum of Ancient and Byzantine Musical Organs

Thessaloniki, Greece, Europe

N.A.G.R.E.F.