Dna AND RNA

(GROUP 8)

MARJORIE D.
VESIDO FRANKLIN
d, ABDON JENNY m.
MENDOZA
MARK CYRUS
SANGCO
DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID) AND RNA (RIBONUCLEIC
ACID) ARE THE TWO TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACID.

NUCLEIC ACIDs are macromolecules, huge polymers with molecular

masses of over 100 million.
Nucleotides- building blocks
Functions:
- genes
=blueprint of life

Macromolecules-
What are the differences between DNA and RNA?

THEY DIFFER IN:

1. location
2. main function
3. structure
4. composition
 DNA Vs RNA
DIFFERENCES DNA RNA
1. LOCATION NUCLEUS OUTSIDE THE
NUCLEUS
2. MAIN A. REPLICATION CARRIES OUT THE
FUNCTION B. PROVIDES ORDERS FOR
INSTRUCTION PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS ISSUED
BY DNA
3. STRUCTURE DOES NOT CONTAIN CONTAINS Oxygen.
Oxygen in the carbon
number 2.
4. COMPOSITION DEOXYRIBOSE RIBOSE SUGAR
SUGAR
STRUCTURE
SIMILARITY:
Both DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that can be
hydrolyzed into NUCLEOTIDES.

A nucleotide consists of three parts:

1. heterocyclic base
2. sugar
3. phosphoric acid
 6-amino-purine

2-amino-6-oxypurine

Heterocyclic base- purines and pyrimidines

The two purines in DNA and RNA are ADENINE AND
GUANINE
 2,4-dioxy-5-methylpyrimidine 2,4-dioxypyrimidine

Pyrimidine cytosine is present in DNA and RNA

THYMINE is present in DNA only
URACIL is present in RNA only
 THE DNA
(THE WATSON-CRICK MODEL)

Dr. J.D Watson

How does the DNA molecule look like?
1. double-coiled chain
2. held by hydogen bond
3. the sugar and phosphate group form the backbone of
the strands
4. Heterocyclic groups form connecting links
5. Adenine is bonded to Thymine
6. Guanine is bonded to Cytosine
THE DNA
 THE DNA CODE
DNA molecules - same sequence of deoxyribose
and phosphates.
Difference- sequence of heterocyclic
compounds.
Adenine (A) binds to Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C) binds to Guanine (G)
THE DNA
DNA REPLICATION and transcription
~Replication or duplication
~Unwinding of DNA
~Division into half
~Each half as a template
~Collection and forming of new chain
(NOTE: ADENINE BINDS WITH URACIL)
DNA TRANSCRIPTION
DNA REPLICATION
 TRANSLATION
 Sequence of codon is translated to
corresponding amino acid.
-formation of peptide bonds and then,

polypeptide chains.
-enzyme RNA polymerase
 TRANSLATION
(PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)
-ribosomes
(codon mRNA & anticodon tRNA)

mRNA

rRNA---- produce by the

tRNA---- non-coding RNA

FIRST A C G U THIRD
LETTER LETTER
A Lys Thr Arg Ile A
Asn Thr Ser Ile C
Lys Thr Arg Met G
Asn thr Ser Ile U
C Gln Pro Arg Leu A
His Pro Arg Leu C
Gln Pro Arg Leu G
His Pro Arg Leu U
G Glu Ala Gly Val A
Asp Ala Gly Val C
Glu Ala Gly Val G
Asp Ala Gly Val U
U + Ser + Leu A
Tyr Ser Cys Phe C
+ Ser Trp Leu G
Tyr Ser Cys Phe U
 REGULATION OF PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
-repressors
Operator site

-inducer
 READING THE DNA
DNA strands are read in a particular direction, from
the top (called the 5' or "five prime" end) to the
bottom (called the 3' or "three prime" end). In a
double helix, the strands go opposite ways:
5' T-T-G-A-C-T-A-T-C-C-A-G-A-T-C 3'
3' A-A-C-T-G-A-T-A-G-G-T-C-T-A-G 5'
GENETICS
-GREGOR MENDEL
-heredity
-genes
-genetic code
 PUNNETT SQUARE
-is a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a
particular cross or breeding experiment.
-Reginald C. Punnett

is the “outward, physical manifestation" of the organism.

This is the "internally coded, inheritable information" carried

by all living organisms
 DO YOU KNOW THAT
ALCOHOLISM CAN BE
INHERITED?
-University of Granada . (Unibersidad de granada)
lack of endorphin is hereditary

- Beta-endorphin is a kind of "morphine"

dependence starts on the external source: alcohol.


 (http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/75738.php)
 DNA FINGERPRINTING
RFLP (RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH
POLYMORPHISM)
-RESTRICTION FRAGMENTS
-GEL ELECTROPHORESIS