PASSIVE COOLING TECHNIQUES

VENTILATIONS AND COOLING

NATURAL VENTILATION
STACK VENTILATION
CROSS VENTILATION
THERMAL COMFORT
NIGHT VENTILATION

OTHER TECHNIQUES:
EVAPORATIVE COOLING
DESICCANT COOLING
TIME LAG COOLING
EARTH COOLING

CROSS VENTILATION

CASE STUDY :PEDA OFFICE, CHANDIGARH

PEDA OFFICE
CHANDIGARH
Punjab Energy
Development Agency
(PEDA), Chandigarh is a
state nodal agency
responsible for
development of new &
renewable energy and nonconventional energy in the
state of Punjab.
GROUND FLOOR
PLAN

SECTION

PERFORMANCE OF DOWNDRAUGHT EVAPORATIVE COOLING

SYSTEM IN ATRIUM AND ITS NEIGHBORING OFFICE SPACE, (PEDA)
BUILDING CHANDIGARH, INDIA.
Context & Site microclimatic
analysis

Psychometric chart

ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING DESIGN NEEDS

TO RESPOND TO THE COMPOSITE CLIMATIC
CONTEXT OF THE SITE. THE FINAL DESIGN
SOLUTION NEEDS TO SATISFY THE DIVERSE
AND OFTEN CONFLICTING CONDITIONS OF A
HOT-DRY, HOT-HUMID, TEMPERATE AND
COLD PERIOD OF CHANDIGARH.
THE CLIMATIC PERIODS : TWO MONTHS OF
HOT-DRY, HOT-HUMID (TWO MONTHS) AND
COLD PERIOD (TWO MONTHS) REQUIRE
STRATEGIES OF DESIGN THAT ALLOW FOR
COOLING IN THE HOT DRY PERIOD,
NATURAL VENTILATION IN THE HOT-HUMID
PERIOD AND HEATING IN THE COLD PERIOD.
COOLING REMAINS AS THE PREDOMINANT
REQUIREMENT SINCE THE TOTAL OVERHEATED PERIOD EXTENDS FROM MID-APRIL
TO MID-AUGUST.
THE
COMFORT
TEMPERATURE
VARIES
DURING WHOLE YEAR, BUT THE MAXIMUM
COMFORT
TEMPERATURE
IN
SUMMER
VARIES FROM 29 C TO 31 C WHEN
EXTERNAL TEMPERATURE VARIES FROM 40
C TO 45C. HENCE WE NEED TO DESIGN THE
BUILDING TO ACHIEVE COMFORTABLE

TEMPERATURE
AND RAIN FALL
VARIATION

Average Insolation Summer

BUILDING ENVELOPE IN RESPONSE TO SOLAR GEOMETRY AND

RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS INTEGRATION

PEDA Office

SALIENT DESIGN FEATURES

PEDA

SOLAR PASSIVE COMPLEX HERALDS THE BEGINNING

OF THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY MOVEMENT IN THE NONDOMESTIC BUILDINGS SUCH AS OFFICES, EDUCATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS AND FACTORIES. THE BUILDING HAS THE
FOLLOWING SALIENT DESIGN FEATURES.

ORIENTATION: SOLAR PASSIVE COMPLEX HAS BEEN

DEVELOPED IN RESPONSE TO SOLAR GEOMETRY I.E.
MINIMIZING SOLAR HEAT GAIN IN COLD PERIOD. THE
BUILDING ENVELOPE ATTENUATES THE OUTSIDE AMBIENT
CONDITIONS AND THE LARGE VOLUME OF AIR IS NATURALLY
CONDITIONED BY CONTROLLING SOLAR ACCESS IN RESPONSE
TO THE CLIMATIC SWING.

UNIQUE SHELL ROOFING ON CENTRAL

ATRIUM :
THE CENTRAL ATRIUM OF THE COMPLEX HAVING
MAIN ENTRANCE, RECEPTION, WATER BODIES,
CAFETERIA AND SITTING PLACE FOR VISITORS
CONSTRUCTED WITH HYPERBOLIC SHELL ROOF
TO ADMIT DAYLIGHT WITHOUT GLARE AND HEAT
COUPLED WITH DEFUSED LIGHTING THROUGH
GLASS TO GLASS SOLAR PANELS. THE ROOF IS
SUPPORTED WITH VERY LIGHT WEIGHT SPACE
SOLARSTRUCTURE.
POWER PLANT: 25KWP
FRAME
BUILDING INTEGRATED SOLAR
PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER PLANT HAS
BEEN SET UP TO MEET THE BASIC
REQUIREMENT OF ELECTRICITY IN
THE COMPLEX

CAVITY WALLS: THE COMPLEX IS A SINGLE ENVELOPE MADE UP

OF ITS OUTER WALLS AS DOUBLE SKIN WALLS HAVING 2 CAVITY
IN BETWEEN. THE CAVITY WALLS FACING SOUTH AND WEST ARE
FILLED WITH FURTHER INSULATION MATERIAL FOR EFFICIENT
THERMAL EFFECT.
INSULATED ROOFING: ALL THE ROOFS HAVE BEEN
INSULATED WITH DOUBLE INSULATION SYSTEM TO AVOID
PENETRATION OF HEAT FROM THE ROOF.
AUDITORIUM: A UNIQUE AUDITORIUM SCIENTIFICALLY
DESIGNED TO CONTROL HEAT PENETRATION, LIGHT &
SOUND DISTRIBUTION IS PLACED IN THE NORTH UNDER THE
SHADE OF MAIN BUILDING.
BENEFITS:
90% REDUCTION IN LIGHTING CONSUMPTION
50% SAVING IN OVERALL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
CONSIDERABLE REDUCTION IN RECURRING EXPENDITURE
CLEAN AND POLLUTION FREE ENVIRONMENT
CONSIDERABLE THERMAL COMFORT
HIGH PRODUCTIVITY

HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID
SHELL ROOF

PEDA Office

SOLAR CHIMNEY
WIND TOWER COUPLED WITH SOLAR
CHIMNEYS: THE WIND TOWER CENTRALLY
PLACED COUPLED WITH SOLAR
CHIMNEYS ON THE DOMICAL
STRUCTURES FOR SCIENTIFIC DIRECT &
INDIRECT COOLING AND SCIENTIFIC
DRAFTING
OF USED AIR
TEMPERATURE RISE AND EFFICIENCY
SOLAR CHIMNEY under +overflow

Energy Efficiency of a Reference Thermosyphon

Collector (Solar Chimney)

PEDA Office
Solar Shells
day light for working
areas

LIGHT VAULTS: THE

VERTICAL CUTOUTS IN THE
FLOATING SLABS ARE
INTEGRATED WITH LIGHT
VAULTS AND SOLAR
ACTIVATED NATURALLY
VENTILATING, DOMICAL
STRUCTURES IN THE SOUTH
TO ADMIT DAY LIGHT
WITHOUT GLARE AND HEAT.
During

DOUBLE SKINNED BUILDING

ENVELOPE
INSIDE

OUTSIDE
STRUCTURAL OUTER
SKIN INTERACTS
WITH EXTERNAL
CONDITIONS

THERMAL INNER SKIN

INTERACTS WITH
INTERNAL CONDITIONS

-WEATHER

-AIR TEMP.

-RADIATION

-HUMIDITY

-HUMIDITY

-LIGHT

-AIR TEMP.
-U.V.

INTER-STITIAL SPACE

-HEAT BARRIER THROUGH INSULATION / DEAD AIR CAVITY

-MOISTURE BARRIER
-T.A.P. (THERMOSYPHON AIR PANEL)

Winter solstice

Equinox

Summer solstice

WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION

SHOULD BE TAKEN IN TO CONSIDERATION WHILE
DESIGNING THE WIND TOWER AND BUILDING
OPENINGS,
ARCHITECT HAS TAKEN PRIORITY DURING
PLACEMENT OF WIND TOWER AS WELL AS THE
OPENINGS
FOR BETTER MOVEMENT OF AIR FLOW
ANALYSIS

OVER SHADOWING
BUILDING IS NOT OVERSHADOWED BY ITS
SURROUNDING BUILDING, DUE TO ITS
ORIENTATIION AND WELL DESIGNED FACADES
,BUILDING IS HAVING ITS OWN SHADOW DURING

Ventilation system in atrium and

office space through wind tower
and solar chimney during
Daylight study in U. Ground office space
summer day and night

Shell roof in atrium space to minimize

overheating and uniform daylighting

PASSIVE DOWN DRAFT INDIRECT+ DIRECT

EVAPORATIVE COOLING COUPLED WITH EARTH AIR
TUNNEL UNDER THE WATER BODY ( Architects
design idea)

Simulation through
PHDC air flow tool

Comparison study of different

cases
Result - Hottest day 161

RESULTS
THE COMFORT TEMPERATURE RANGE VARIES FROM 24 TO 31 DURING
DIFFERENT SEASONS OF THE YEAR. COMFORT RELATIVE HUMIDITY RANGE
30TO 80 %. REQUIRED AIR FLOW RATE AS FROM MANUAL CALCULATIONS
CAN BE 3.5 M3/SEC. SO THE AIR FLOW RATE CAN BE ACHIEVED IN ALL THE
CASES. REQUIRED AIRFLOW RATE IS VERY LOW DUE TO LESS OCCUPANCY
AND EQUIPMENT GAIN. GOOD THERMAL MASS OF THE BUILDING HELPS THE
BUILDING TO PERFORM IN EXTREME CONDITIONS. APPROPRIATE BUILDING
DESIGN AND ORIENTATION HAVING PROPERLY PLACED BUILDING ELEMENTS
REDUCED OR MINIMIZE THE SOLAR GAIN IN SUMMER.
FEATURES LIKE LIGHT VAULT, SOLAR CHIMNEY, HYPERBOLIC PARABOLISED
ATRIUM ROOF HELP TO MINIMIZE THE SOLAR GAIN. INSTEAD OF DESIGNING
INDIRECT PLUS DIRECT EVAPORATIVE COOLING SYSTEM PROPOSED BY THE
ARCHITECT, PDEC SYSTEM CAN BE USED TO MAKE THE BUILDING FAVORABLE
PLACE TO WORK. FROM THE ABOVE RESULTS IT CAN BE CONCLUDED THAT
THE TEMPERATURE, RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND AIRFLOW RATE INCREASE FROM
CASE 1 TO CASE 3 WHICH LEADS TO UNSUCCESSFUL RESULT. HENCE THE
CENTRAL ATRIUM SPACE IN BETWEEN NEIGHBORING OFFICES IS WORKING
PROPERLY HAVING PDEC SYSTEM WITH ONE TOWER AND IT WOULD BE THE
BEST OPTION TO WORK WITH. FROM ALL THE CASES WE CAN CONCLUDE
THAT GROUND OFFICE SPACE ALSO GETTING AN AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
DURING SUMMER.

CONCLUSIONS
Evaporative cooling towers work best with open floor plans that
permit the air to circulate through out the building without any
obstacles.
Good thermal mass of the building helps the building to perform in
extreme conditions. Appropriate building design and orientation
having properly placed building elements reduced or minimize the
solar gain in summer.
Elements like light Vault, Solar chimney, Hyperbolic parabolised
atrium roof help to minimize the solar gain.
From the TAS result it can be concluded that the atrium space is
working properly with application of PDEC system by getting 1012C lower than ambient temperature, which also helps to cool the
neighboring south office space to maintain a comfortable space to
work.