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Cell Growth and Division: Dr. H. Yohannes Alen, MSC
Cell Growth and Division: Dr. H. Yohannes Alen, MSC
Cell Growth and Division: Dr. H. Yohannes Alen, MSC
OBJECTIVES:
OBJECTIVES:
OBJECTIVES:
OBJECTIVES:
OBJECTIVES:
OBJECTIVES:
Chromosome structure:
When the chromosomes are
more visible, it is the start of
mitosis
At this point, they contain two
chromatids, attached to each
other by a centromere (Fig.
8-9, page 166)
INTERPHASE (continued)
S phase - DNA synthesis. This is
when the DNA is replicated, and
several other proteins are
synthesized.
This is the longest part of Interphase
G2 - (gap 2) - usually shortest time,
involves the synthesis of organelles
and materials for cell division
2. METAPHASE:
as prophase ends, metaphase will
automatically begin
this is the shortest time period, only
lasting a few minutes
the chromosomes line up at the
equator across the center of the cell
they connect to the spindle
3. ANAPHASE:
this is the third phase of mitosis
the centromeres that join the
chromatids split
the chromosomes repel each
other to opposite sides of the
cell
Fig. 8-15, page 169
4. TELOPHASE:
the final phase of mitosis
the chromosomes (which
have been very distinct) now
begin to coil together into a
mass
nuclear envelope reforms
spindle breaks down
4. TELOPHASE: (continued)
the nucleolus becomes visible
in each daughter cell nucleus
Fig. 8-16, page 170
Mitosis is now complete;
however, the process of cell
division is not
CYTOKINESIS:
At this point, two nuclei (each
with a duplicate set of
chromosomes) are formed.
Now, we need to divide the
cytoplasm (materials outside the nucleus)
cytokinesis- the division of the
cytoplasm into two cells
CYTOKINESIS: (continued)
In animals, the cell membrane moves
inward and pinches off
In plants, a structure called the cell
plate forms midway between the
divided nuclei; then a cell wall begins
to appear in the cell plate
Fig. 8-17, page 170
The cell now re-enters Interphase,
and continues to grow and function.