ENERGY SCENARIO IN INDIA

AT THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE :

1400
MWe
IN THE YEAR 1950 :
1715 MWe
INCREASED MORE THAN 50 FOLD BY THE YEAR 20002001 :
97,877 MWe
WHILE THE SHARE OF HYDRO & THERMAL WAS
APPROXIMATELY 40% & 60% TILL 1980, THE
SCENARIO CHANGED FROM VII PLAN ONWARDS AND
THE CURRENT SHARE IS HYDRO: 24.34%, THERMAL:
71.70%, WIND: 1.18%, NUCLEAR: 2.78%
PROJECTED ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENT DURING X
PALN: 12,000 MWe ANNUALLY
PROJECTED ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENT DURING XI
PLAN: 15,000 MWe ANNUALLY

ENERGY SOURCES

Renewable
Hydel
Solar
Wind
Tidal

Non-renewable
Coal
Natural gas
Oil
Nuclear

Geothermal
Bio-fuel
Total: 56,049
MW

Total: 1,15,594 MW
(Non-renewable)

Generation Capacity: Indian Scenario

Energy
Source
Coal

MW

53

82343

Hydro

23

36863

Gas

11

17056

Diesel

15427

Renewable

Nuclear

4340

100

157229

Total
Fuelwise Generating Installed

1200

Source CEA as on 28.02.2010

NUCLEAR POWER
Harnessing
uranium for
nuclear energy
Nuclear Power
Generation is
based on Splitting
of Uranium 235 by
neutron
bombardments
Neutron hits fissile
nucleus causing
nucleus to split
and the chain
reaction leads to
heating of the fuel

Fission Product

Fission + Energy

Neutron

Neutron

U 235

Fission Product

NUCLEAR POWER

THREE STAGE INDIAN NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME

Stage - I

PRESSURISED HEAVY
WATER REACTORS

18 - Operating

4 - Under construction
Several others planned
POTENTIAL 10 GWe
LIGHT WATER REACTORS
2 BWRs- Operating
2 VVERs- Under
Construction

Stage II
FAST BREEDER REACTORS

40 MWth FBTROper.
500 MWe PFBRUnder

construction

POTENTIAL 530 GWe

Stage III
THORIUM BASED
REACTOR

30 KWth KAMINIOperating
300 MWe AHWRUnder development
POTENTIAL
Very Large

THREE STAGES OF INDIAN NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME

Natural
Uranium

PHWRS

POWER

Depleted Uranium

Plutonium

Thorium
Th-232

Pu

FUELLED
BREEDERS

POWER
Thorium

Plutonium
U-233

Th-232
U-233

BREEDERS

U-233
STAGE 1

STAGE 2

STAGE 3

POWER

Key Components of Nuclear Reactors

Reactor core (fuel):
Enriched or natural U, 239Pu
Moderators
Graphite,
H2O, D2O
He (100 Atm and 1273 K)
Be (high temperature liquid metal).
Na (773 to 873 K for breeder reactor)
BeF2 + ZrF4 (for GCR)
Control rods
Cadmium, Boron, Carbon, Cobalt, Silver,
Hafnium, and Gadolinium, 157Gd Monitoring devices
Neutron and radioactivity detectors, T, etc
Energy transfer system
Moderator or liquid

STAGE I

PRESSURIZED HEAVY WATER REACTOR

Natural
matrix.

Uranium

dioxide

as

fuel

Heavy
water as moderator and coolant.
In
the reactor,
U-235 undergoes fission producing several
radioactive fission products + large amount
of energy.
235
1
U
+
n
92
0

90
Rb
+
37

143
1
Cs
+
3
n
+
55
0

Fertile U-238 is converted into fissile Pu-239.

200MeV
238
1
U
+
n
92
0
239
Pu
94

239*
U
92

Np239

93

STAGE 2

FAST BREEDER REACTOR

Pu-239 obtained from STAGE I serves as the
main fissile element.
A blanket of U-238 surrounding the fuel core
will undergo nuclear transmutation to produce
fresh Pu-239 as more and more Pu-239 is
consumed during the operation.
Besides a blanket of Th-232 around the FBR
core also undergoes neutron capture reactions
leading to the formation of U-233. U-233 is the
nuclear
reactor
fuel for
3.
STAGE
232
1
233*
233
233
90

Th

+ 0n

90

Th

91

Pa

92

STAGE 3

BREEDER REACTOR

U-233 obtained from STAGE 2 serves as

the main fuel.
Th-232 blanket around the U-233 reactor
core will generate more U-233 thus
resulting in the production of more and
more U-233 fuel.
These
U-233/Th-232
based
breeder
reactors are under development and
would serve as the mainstay of the final
thorium utilization stage of Indian
nuclear programme.

WHY NUCLEAR ENERGY?

1. Energy Density
1kg firewood
= 1 kwh electricity
1 kg coal
= 3 kwh electricity
1 kg oil
= 4 kwh electricity
1 kg natural Uranium
= 50,000 kwh electricity
2. Nuclear power stations occupy small areas
3. Nuclear power stations can be setup in any location
4. Nuclear energy is environment friendly, no emissions
5. Small volume of waste
For generating 1000 MW/year
Thermal
- 7,000,000 te of CO2
200,000 te of SO2
200,000 te of ash
Nuclear
-23 Te of high level waste of which
97% is reprocessed and extracted.
Only 700 kg of high level waste
NUCLEAR ENERGY IS THE BEST OPTION FOR LONG TERM
POWER REQUIREMENTS

ENERGY RESOURCES AVAILABILITY & THEIR

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: WORLD SCENARIO
GLOBAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION APPROX. 2.2te COAL BUT INDUSTRIALISED NATION
CONSUME 4 5 TIMES MORE ENERGY
20% OF WORLD POPULATION IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES USES 60% OF ENERGY
WHILE REMAINING 40% ENERGY IS FOR 80% OF GLOBAL POPULATION
NEARLY 2 BILLION PEOPLE OF UNDEVELOPED & DEVELOPING NATIONS ARE DEPRIVED
OF ELECTRICITY

REASONS
SKEWED GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY RESOURCES, VIZ. COAL, OIL & GAS ARE
MOSTLY CONCENTRATED IN CANADA, AUSTRALIA, UAE ETC.
POPULATION EXPLOSION IN UNDEVELOPED & DEVELOPING COUNTRIES VIZ. CHINA,
INDIA HAVE CREATED VERY GRIM SITUATION
THESE NATIONS
RESOURCES

USE

BIG

PORTION

OF

THEIR

INCOME

TO

BUY ENERGY

POWER GENERATION : WORLD SCENARIO

SOURCE: IEA WEO 2006
OIL
6.67%

NUCLEAR
15.74%
BIOMASS
1.30%

Nearly two third of Power Generation is accounted by FOSSIL FUELS which is

cause of ENVIROMENTAL Concern

POWER CONSUMPTION : WORLD SCENARIO

NATION

KWh/Person

CANADA

16939

FINLAND

16128

USA

13228

AUSTRALIA

10502

BELGIUM

8314

JAPAN

8220

AUSTRIA

7453

FRANCE

7366

GERMANY

6742

DENMARK

6506

KOREA

6495

UKRAINE

6158

SOUTH AFRICA

4542

CHINA

1184

INDIA

631

Power consumption is indicator of

Development and Progress of a
Nation

Average Energy per Capita

Nuclear Power in India

India has a flourishing and largely indigenous nuclear
power program and expects to have 20,000 MWe
nuclear capacity on line by 2020 and 63,000 MWe by
2032. It aims to supply 25% of electricity from
nuclear power by 2050.
Because India is outside the Nuclear NonProliferation Treaty due to its weapons program, it
was for 34 yearslargely excluded from trade in
nuclear plant or materials, which has hampered its
development of civil nuclear energy until 2009.
Due to these trade bansand lack of indigenous
uranium, India has uniquely been developing a
nuclear fuel cycle to exploit its reserves of thorium.
Now, foreign technology and fuelare expected to
boost India's nuclear power plans considerably. All
plants will have high indigenous engineering content.
India has a vision of becoming a world leader in
nuclear technology due to its expertise in fast
reactors and thorium fuel cycle.

VARIOUS BENEFITS OF ATOMIC ENERGY

Electricity
Fluid Fuel
Substitute

Industry

Indus - 1

Technology

Nuclear
Energy

National
ous appplications of atomic energy
Security
Environment

Water

Food

Health