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Lecture 3
Lecture 3
VIRTUAL WORK
Work and complementary work
B'
df
de
e1
WORK DONE =
Fde
0
edF
0
m
co
em
l
p
en
ry
a
t
l
a
tu
c
A
e1
d d v
v 0
Now, in case of a beam element the total energy will be calculated by
first determining it over a cross section and then integrating it over its
length because in flexure members it is varying from cross section to
cross section
The formulation is quite complex
The calculations can be made easier if we regard the external force
producing all the internal forces. In 2D we have direct force, a shear and
a moment. If at any cross section if we can determine the stresses
under the applied loads we can determine the force easily by integrating
the stresses over the area
A'
B'
b
A
B'
Indeterminacy
In trusses
I = indeterminancy
F = ELEMENT FORCES
R = REACTIONS
Nj = NUMBER OF JOINTS
P = DEGREE OF FREEDOM (D.O.F) AT THE
NODE
2(Nj) = P+R
I = F+R-2(Nj)
I = F+R-P-R
I=F-P